Current Status of Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Human Sarcocystosis

Poulsen, Casper Sahl; Stensvold, Christen Rune

doi:10.1128/jcm.00955-14

Cited by 58 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A case of intestinal sarcocystosis associated to raw beef consumption was reported in Spain (Clavel et al, 2001). No record of clinical signs associated to pork has been reported in the literature for Spain (reviewed by Fayer et al, 2015), but the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in human is underestimate by low diagnostic sensitivity of direct detection and many cases are probably unreported (Poulsen and Stensvold, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Zoonotic Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis suihominis in Wild Boars from Spain

Calero‐Bernal

Pérez-Martín

Reina

et al. 2015

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Food safety regulations require the control of the presence of protozoa in meats destined for human consumption. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat may constitute a source of zoonoses. A 23.8% (688/2881) seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and 72.2% (662/910) Sarcocystis sarcocysts prevalence were detected among wild boars hunted in Southwestern areas of Spain. Identity of Sarcocystis spp. was performed by RFLP-PCR and sequencing, detecting S. miescheriana (7/8) and the zoonotic S. suihominis (1/8). Risk assessment studies of these coccidian in meats destined to human consumption are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Zoonotic Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis suihominis in Wild Boars from Spain

Calero‐Bernal

Pérez-Martín

Reina

et al. 2015

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), immunofluorescence assays (IFAs), and other serologic tests for antibody to Sarcocystis using bradyzoite antigen have been limited to specialized laboratories, have not been standardized, are not widely available, and have other inherent problems (75). Most of these tests no longer exist because there has been little or no continued demand for their use.…”

Section: Extraintestinal Sarcocystosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Infections with Sarcocystis Species

2015

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SUMMARY Recurrent outbreaks of muscular sarcocystosis among tourists visiting islands in Malaysia have focused international attention on sarcocystosis, a disease once considered rare in humans. Sarcocystis species require two hosts, definitive and intermediate, to complete their life cycle. Humans can serve as definitive hosts, with intestinal sarcocystosis for two species acquired from eating undercooked meat: Sarcocystis hominis , from beef, and Sarcocystis suihominis , from pork. Symptoms such as nausea, stomachache, and diarrhea vary widely depending on the number of cysts ingested but appear more severe with pork than with beef. Humans serve as intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis nesbitti , a species with a reptilian definitive host, and possibly other unidentified species, acquired by ingesting sporocysts from feces-contaminated food or water and the environment; infections have an early phase of development in vascular endothelium, with illness that is difficult to diagnose; clinical signs include fever, headache, and myalgia. Subsequent development of intramuscular cysts is characterized by myositis. Presumptive diagnosis based on travel history to tropical regions, elevated serum enzyme levels, and eosinophilia is confirmed by finding sarcocysts in muscle biopsy specimens. There is no vaccine or confirmed effective antiparasitic drug for muscular sarcocystosis, but anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce symptoms. Prevention strategies are also discussed.

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“…Sarcocystosis has a worldwide distribution with a high prevalence rate both in rural and developed areas [4]. The morbidity and mortality rates depend on multiple risk factors including; the affected species, the host immune status, viability of the sporocysts in the environment, and the hygiene system on the farm [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Buffaloes Naturally Infected with Sarcocystosis with Risk Factor Assessment

2019

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Sarcocystosis is a silent, parasitic disease which affects various animal species and causes significant economic losses. It is caused by a number of different intracellular Sarcocystis spp. This study was aimed to detect the host humoral and cellular immune response due to natural infection. Adding to the determination of the infection rate in Monufia Governorate, Egypt. A total number of 127 Egyptian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis); 30 males and 97 females between 2-11 years of age were examined during 2018. An infection rate of 74% (94/127) was detected by macroscopic examination. The old age females were found to be at a high risk of 90.7% (88/97) in comparison with the young males 20% (6/30). Immunologically, the cellular and humoral immune response was determined using ELISA. A marked down-regulation of the proinflammatory Th-1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory Th-2 cytokine (IL-5) adding to a high level of IgG and IgE were detected in the infected animals compared to the non infected ones. The local cellular immune response in the infected tissues was characterized by an accumulation of mixed inflammatory cells, granuloma formation, eosinophilic infiltration, muscular edema, and necrotic degeneration. In conclusion, the Sarcocystis infection rate in the naturally infected buffaloes in Monufia Governorate was high. This is the first study to provide a fundamental insight into the immune profile in buffaloes infected with Sarcocystis spp. So, it will provide valuable insights to develop novel effective vaccines in future studies. Moreover, sensitive and specific tools should be established for the accurate diagnosis of this disease in the different Egyptian governorates through well-structured serological surveys.

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Current Status of Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Human Sarcocystosis

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Cited by 58 publications

References 30 publications

Detection of Zoonotic Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis suihominis in Wild Boars from Spain

Detection of Zoonotic Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis suihominis in Wild Boars from Spain

Human Infections with Sarcocystis Species

Detection of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Buffaloes Naturally Infected with Sarcocystosis with Risk Factor Assessment

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