Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport

Abstract

Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på link.springer.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000 This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at link.springer.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000 . Figure 3. Semi-automatic image evaluation: The edge detection algorithm for subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) thickness determination enables selecting areas of interest, distances (d US ) measurement series, color-coding of distance values, and statistical evaluations [48] . In this example of a SAT-layer above the triceps muscle, with the transducer held parallel to the humerus, 119 d US values ranging from 2.3 mm to 4.3 mm were automatically detected by the algorithm; the median was 3.4 mm (c = 1470 m/s). Layers and interfaces: A: gel, B: gel-epidermis, C: dermis, D: dermis-SAT, E: SAT, F: SAT-fascia of muscle, G: muscle. [77] . Abbreviations: mid dist = middle distance track runners; long dist = long distance runners; Scot long dist = Scottish long distance runners; SASI mid dist = South Australian Sports Institute middle distance track runners; SASI sprint = sprint runners; SASI jump = jumpers. Figure 6. Selected skinfold ratios in extremely lean male and female endurance athletes, and mean values from 106 male and 33 female athletes [80] . 4 ABSTRACTQuantifying human body composition has played an important role in monitoring all athlete performance and training regimens, but especially so in gravitational, weight class and aesthetic sports wherein the tissue composition of the body profoundly affects performance or adjudication. Over the past century, a myriad of techniques and equations have been proposed, but all have some inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions they make. To date, there is no universally applicable criterion or "gold standard" methodology for body composition assessment.Having considered issues of accuracy, repeatability and utility, the multi-component model might be employed as a performance or selection criterion, provided the selected model accounts for variability in the density of FFM in its computation. However, when profiling change in interventions, single methods whose raw data are surrogates for body composition (with the notable exception of the BMI) remain useful.

Errors in Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Estimation of Body Composition Induced by Hypohydration

“…Considering these practices, the International Olympic Committee Medical and Scientific Commission set up a Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance to determine whether optimum body composition and/or minimum values for body fat content and body water content could be established (Sundgot-Borgen et al, 2013). Publications arising from the IOC working group highlight that greater understanding of factors influencing all aspects of body composition estimation is important (Ackland et al, 2012;Meyer et al, 2013;Sundgot-Borgen et al, 2013). …”

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis of Body Composition in Karate Athletes Regarding The Preparatory Period // Analiza telesnog sastava karatista bioelektričnom impedansom pre i posle pripremnog perioda

“…Body fat may act as ballast in biomechanical terms, but adipose tissues are vital endocrine organ in terms of general health (Ackland et al, 2012). Despite a great methodological and technological advances in measuring of human body composition there is still no gold standard for body fat assessment with accuracy better than 1%.…”

Disparate Body Composition Outcomes for Underwater Weighing, Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, and Two Bioelectrical Impedance Devices in Overweight Young Adults

“…These outcomes depict large individual variability in estimations of %BF, with significant differences apparent between the putative reference At present, DXA is becoming increasingly popular for the assessment of soft tissue composition, in addition to the evaluation of bone mineral density, for which DXA was originally designed [8]. While the rapid, noninvasive nature of DXA is understandably attractive to many patients, this method also presents numerous non-trivial limitations that have caused some experts to question whether DXA provides sufficient accuracy and precision of measurement to serve as a scientific "gold standard" [36].…”

“…Additionally, DXA estimation errors increase significantly in regard to pixels containing bone, raising concern for the ability of the DXA to accurately distinguish soft tissue in the thorax [20,8]. This is a point of some importance for overweight individuals, as excess body fat often accumulates in substantial stores surrounding the trunk [33,36].…”