Current Methods for Extraction and Concentration of Foodborne Bacteria with Glycan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review

Abstract

Rapid and accurate food pathogen detection is an essential step to preventing foodborne illnesses. Before detection, removal of bacteria from the food matrix and concentration to detectable levels are often essential steps. Although many reviews discuss rapid concentration methods for foodborne pathogens, the use of glycan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is often omitted. This review seeks to analyze the potential of this technique as a rapid and cost-effective solution for concentration of bacteria directly from foods. The primary focus is the mechanism of glycan-coated MNP binding, as well as its current applications in concentration of foodborne pathogens. First, a background on the synthesis, properties, and applications of MNPs is provided. Second, synthesis of glycan-coated particles and their theorized mechanism for bacterial adhesion is described. Existing research into extraction of bacteria directly from food matrices is also analyzed. Finally, glycan-coated MNPs are compared to the magnetic separation technique of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) in terms of cost, time, and other factors. At its current state, glycan-coated MNPs require more research to fully identify the mechanism, potential for optimization, and extraction capabilities directly in food matrices. However, current research indicates glycan-coated MNPs are an incredibly cost-effective method for rapid food pathogen extraction and concentration.

Research progress on detection techniques for point-of-care testing of foodborne pathogens

“…IMS technology has the characteristics such as strong specificity, high sensitivity, and fast separation speed ( Pissuwan et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020b ; Qi et al, 2022 ) and can be combined with a variety of other technologies ( Yao et al, 2020 ; Zhai et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021a ; Dester and Alocilja, 2022 ), such as ELISA, chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), flow cytometry (FCM), immunochromatography (ICA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and other detection methods, to make the detection process more rapid and efficient ( Yang et al, 2014a ; He et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2017 ; Lin et al, 2020 ; Nguyen and Kim, 2020 ; Sourri et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Finally, the complex is rapidly separated from other impurities in the sample by the force of a magnetic field, so as to achieve the efficient and accurate concentration of the target microorganism (Li et al, 2015;Wang and Lin, 2020;Wang et al, 2020d;Hou et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2020). IMS technology has the characteristics such as strong specificity, high sensitivity, and fast separation speed (Pissuwan et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020b;Qi et al, 2022) and can be combined with a variety of other technologies (Yao et al, 2020;Zhai et al, 2021;Zhao et al, 2021a;Dester and Alocilja, 2022), such as ELISA, chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), flow cytometry (FCM), immunochromatography (ICA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and other detection methods, to make the detection process more rapid and efficient (Yang et al, 2014a;He et al, 2017;Li et al, 2017;Lin et al, 2020;Nguyen and Kim, 2020;Sourri et al, 2022).…”

Electrochemical Biosensors for Pathogen Detection: An Updated Review

“…Infectious disease pathogens have receptors for carbohydrate-specific trisaccharides, a form of carbohydrate that can interact with these receptors. For the detection of illnesses, trisaccharide ligands have been used in electrochemical biosensors [ 162 ]. Biosensors coated with hemagglutinin-targeted trisaccharide ligands have been used to detect the influenza A virus in humans (H1N1) [ 51 ].…”

Magnetic Nanoseparation Technology for Efficient Control of Microorganisms and Toxins in Foods: A Review

“…Based on the binding of glycans and proteins, the noncovalent electrostatic interaction of glycans or proteins modified on the surface of MNPs with bacterial surface glycans or protein residues are combined with each other (Figure C). A comprehensive review of glycan-coated MNPs and their applications for enrichment of foodborne pathogens is provided by Dester and Alocilja . Malakootikhah et al synthesized magnetic glycopolymers by immobilizing glucose and/or maltose on the surface of amino MnFe 2 O 4 @SiO 2 to remove B. subtilis and E.…”

“…A comprehensive review of glycan-coated MNPs and their applications for enrichment of foodborne pathogens is provided by Dester and Alocilja. 36 Malakootikhah et al synthesized magnetic glycopolymers by immobilizing glucose and/or maltose on the surface of amino MnFe 2 O 4 @SiO 2 to remove B. subtilis and E. coli with more than 99% efficiency. 65 Matta et al used MNP encapsulated with a broad-spectrum specific polysaccharide (MNP-F#1) or cysteine-polysaccharide (MNP-F#2) for direct isolation of Gram-negative (Salmonella and E. coli) and Gram-positive (B. cereus) bacteria with a capture efficiency of 70% (based on logarithm) within minutes.…”