2016
DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12636
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Abstract: This cross-cultural study investigates how maternal task assignment relates to toddlers' requested behavior and helping between 18 and 30 months. One hundred seven mother-child dyads were assessed in three different cultural contexts (rural Brazil, urban Germany, and urban Brazil). Brazilian mothers showed assertive scaffolding (serious and insistent requesting), whereas German mothers employed deliberate scaffolding (asking, pleading, and giving explanations). Assertive scaffolding related to toddlers' reques… Show more

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Cited by 57 publications
(43 citation statements)
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References 33 publications
(39 reference statements)
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“…The present findings complement recent research on the role of social learning processes in infants’ early helping behavior, as they suggest that children's prosocial development is potentially affected not only by direct and active structuring of helping situations by others (e.g., Dahl, ; Dahl et al., ; Hammond & Carpendale, ; Kärtner, ; Köster, Cavalcante, et al., ; Köster, Schuhmacher, & Kärtner, ; Pettygrove, Hammond, Karahuta, Waugh, & Brownell, ; Waugh, Brownell, & Pollock, ) but also through learning by the observation of prosocial models. In particular, our experimental studies show that observing prosocial models is an effective social learning mechanism by which infant's early helping behaviors, and possibly, their prosocial motivation can be influenced.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 85%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The present findings complement recent research on the role of social learning processes in infants’ early helping behavior, as they suggest that children's prosocial development is potentially affected not only by direct and active structuring of helping situations by others (e.g., Dahl, ; Dahl et al., ; Hammond & Carpendale, ; Kärtner, ; Köster, Cavalcante, et al., ; Köster, Schuhmacher, & Kärtner, ; Pettygrove, Hammond, Karahuta, Waugh, & Brownell, ; Waugh, Brownell, & Pollock, ) but also through learning by the observation of prosocial models. In particular, our experimental studies show that observing prosocial models is an effective social learning mechanism by which infant's early helping behaviors, and possibly, their prosocial motivation can be influenced.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 85%
“…On the other hand, current research focuses on different social learning mechanisms such as infant's sensitization to other's needs by means of parental scaffolding, that is, parental encouragement, praise or supportive structuring in helping situations (see Brownell, ). However, although there is first correlational and experimental evidence on the positive effect of encouragement and praise by primary caregivers during the second year (Dahl, ; Dahl et al., ; Hammond & Carpendale, ; Köster, Cavalcante, Vera Cruz de Carvalho, Dôgo Resende, & Kärtner, ), there is no research on another important mechanism, namely observational learning based on imitation (see Elsner, ).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Basic developmental processes, like infants' prosocial understanding of others' needs and their emerging motor and social abilities, join forces with their empathic concern (Hepach, et al, 2012), and affiliative processes (Cirelli, Einarson, & Trainor, 2014;Over & Carpenter, 2009) in the emergence of early helping behavior. These basic developments are, from early on, complemented by social learning processes (Dahl, 2015;Schuhmacher, Köster, & Kärtner, 2018) and culture-specific socialization experiences (Kärtner, 2018;Köster, Schuhmacher, & Kärtner, 2015;Köster, Cavalcante, Carvalho, Resende, & Kärtner, 2016). Thus, while infants' prosocial understanding may contribute to their helping behavior, infants may help out of different (or a blend of different) intentions and motives in different situations.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, language plays a fundamental role for the adult to encourage the development of moral behavioural patterns and social skills, including problem-solving (Barrios, 2016). Köster, Cavalcante, Vera, Dôgo and Kärtner (2016) highlight the role of caregiver´s practices, including interpersonal responsibility, for the early development of children's social behaviour.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are factors that can influence family interaction forms, like literacy and upbringing actions in the home, among these are aspects such as education, culture and socio-economic level. Multicultural research by Köster et al (2016) suggests that cultural context influences the explanations and teaching that mothers give to their children. For example, Brazilian mothers showed more austere and insistent requests to their children, while German mothers used cautious support, such as asking and explaining.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%