Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of playgirl centerfolds

Media images of men: Trends and consequences of body conceptualization.

“…Our findings in Study 1 compliment the research showing men in the media to be increasingly muscular and lean (Leit et al, 2000; Pope et al, 1999) by documenting changes in body conceptualization. There are, however, some limitations of Study 1.…”

Media images of men: Trends and consequences of body conceptualization.

“…Our findings in Study 1 compliment the research showing men in the media to be increasingly muscular and lean (Leit et al, 2000; Pope et al, 1999) by documenting changes in body conceptualization. There are, however, some limitations of Study 1.…”

A Biopsychosocial Model of Dietary Restraint in Early Adolescent Boys

“…Although the male body historically has been defined through what it can dofunctionality (Puhl & Heuer, 2009;Puhl & Latner, 2007) -society's increasing focus on the leanness and muscularity of the male body (Leit, Gray, & Pope, 2001;Leit, Pope, & Gray, 2002) may explain why boys and men are becoming more concerned about the size, shape, and appearance of their bodies and dissatisfied with how they look (Cafri et al, 2005;Barlett, Vowels, & Saucier, 2008). In a study examining how society's representation of the male body has changed from 1967 to 1997, Pope, Olivardia, Gruber, and Borowiecki (1999) found that measures of the muscularity and leanness (i.e., waist, chest, and bicep circumference) of popular male action toys (e.g., GI Joe) had become more extreme over three decades, and the physiques of modern action figures exceeded the range of normative muscularity dimensions for men.…”

The appearance potency of gay and straight men’s websites

“…In addition, this was also true for images of women on the straight men's websites. This concurs with the findings of media content analyses including men's magazines (Jankowski et al, 2014), women's magazines (Leit et al, 2001) and mainstream TV shows (Dallesasse & Kluck, 2013). Appearance ideal images represent an unrealistic appearance standard for the majority of the population (Leit et al, 2001).…”

“…This concurs with the findings of media content analyses including men's magazines (Jankowski et al, 2014), women's magazines (Leit et al, 2001) and mainstream TV shows (Dallesasse & Kluck, 2013). Appearance ideal images represent an unrealistic appearance standard for the majority of the population (Leit et al, 2001). For example, whilst only 5% of men featured across the websites showed any hair recession whatsoever, in the UK around 30% of 30 year old men will experience some hair recession rising to 70% by the age of 70 (NHS Choices, 2013).…”

Media images of men: Trends and consequences of body conceptualization.

“…Our findings in Study 1 compliment the research showing men in the media to be increasingly muscular and lean (Leit et al, 2000; Pope et al, 1999) by documenting changes in body conceptualization. There are, however, some limitations of Study 1.…”

A Biopsychosocial Model of Dietary Restraint in Early Adolescent Boys

“…Although the male body historically has been defined through what it can dofunctionality (Puhl & Heuer, 2009;Puhl & Latner, 2007) -society's increasing focus on the leanness and muscularity of the male body (Leit, Gray, & Pope, 2001;Leit, Pope, & Gray, 2002) may explain why boys and men are becoming more concerned about the size, shape, and appearance of their bodies and dissatisfied with how they look (Cafri et al, 2005;Barlett, Vowels, & Saucier, 2008). In a study examining how society's representation of the male body has changed from 1967 to 1997, Pope, Olivardia, Gruber, and Borowiecki (1999) found that measures of the muscularity and leanness (i.e., waist, chest, and bicep circumference) of popular male action toys (e.g., GI Joe) had become more extreme over three decades, and the physiques of modern action figures exceeded the range of normative muscularity dimensions for men.…”

The appearance potency of gay and straight men’s websites

“…In addition, this was also true for images of women on the straight men's websites. This concurs with the findings of media content analyses including men's magazines (Jankowski et al, 2014), women's magazines (Leit et al, 2001) and mainstream TV shows (Dallesasse & Kluck, 2013). Appearance ideal images represent an unrealistic appearance standard for the majority of the population (Leit et al, 2001).…”

“…This concurs with the findings of media content analyses including men's magazines (Jankowski et al, 2014), women's magazines (Leit et al, 2001) and mainstream TV shows (Dallesasse & Kluck, 2013). Appearance ideal images represent an unrealistic appearance standard for the majority of the population (Leit et al, 2001). For example, whilst only 5% of men featured across the websites showed any hair recession whatsoever, in the UK around 30% of 30 year old men will experience some hair recession rising to 70% by the age of 70 (NHS Choices, 2013).…”

Media images of men: Trends and consequences of body conceptualization.

“…Our findings in Study 1 compliment the research showing men in the media to be increasingly muscular and lean (Leit et al, 2000; Pope et al, 1999) by documenting changes in body conceptualization. There are, however, some limitations of Study 1.…”

A Biopsychosocial Model of Dietary Restraint in Early Adolescent Boys

“…Although the male body historically has been defined through what it can dofunctionality (Puhl & Heuer, 2009;Puhl & Latner, 2007) -society's increasing focus on the leanness and muscularity of the male body (Leit, Gray, & Pope, 2001;Leit, Pope, & Gray, 2002) may explain why boys and men are becoming more concerned about the size, shape, and appearance of their bodies and dissatisfied with how they look (Cafri et al, 2005;Barlett, Vowels, & Saucier, 2008). In a study examining how society's representation of the male body has changed from 1967 to 1997, Pope, Olivardia, Gruber, and Borowiecki (1999) found that measures of the muscularity and leanness (i.e., waist, chest, and bicep circumference) of popular male action toys (e.g., GI Joe) had become more extreme over three decades, and the physiques of modern action figures exceeded the range of normative muscularity dimensions for men.…”

The appearance potency of gay and straight men’s websites

“…In addition, this was also true for images of women on the straight men's websites. This concurs with the findings of media content analyses including men's magazines (Jankowski et al, 2014), women's magazines (Leit et al, 2001) and mainstream TV shows (Dallesasse & Kluck, 2013). Appearance ideal images represent an unrealistic appearance standard for the majority of the population (Leit et al, 2001).…”

“…This concurs with the findings of media content analyses including men's magazines (Jankowski et al, 2014), women's magazines (Leit et al, 2001) and mainstream TV shows (Dallesasse & Kluck, 2013). Appearance ideal images represent an unrealistic appearance standard for the majority of the population (Leit et al, 2001). For example, whilst only 5% of men featured across the websites showed any hair recession whatsoever, in the UK around 30% of 30 year old men will experience some hair recession rising to 70% by the age of 70 (NHS Choices, 2013).…”