Culminating anti-malaria efforts at long lasting insecticidal net?

Dhiman, Sunil; Veer, Vijay

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2014.06.002

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Lack of awareness could also lead to serious consequences that may thwart control programmes. A recent review [69] has highlighted that ITNs distributed free of cost to the people living in endemic areas may not be used for the purpose they are meant for, but used for catching fishes in the streams and rivers and to store food material. ITNs and LLINs users are sufficiently educated about the benefits of nets while used for personal protection and also about the disadvantages when misused for deviant reasons.…”

Section: Challenges In Achieving Malaria Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are malaria elimination efforts on right track? An analysis of gains achieved and challenges ahead

2019

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Background Malaria causes significant morbidity and mortality each year. In the past few years, the global malaria cases have been declining and many endemic countries are heading towards malaria elimination. Nevertheless, reducing the number of cases seems to be easy than sustained elimination. Therefore to achieve the objective of complete elimination and maintaining the elimination status, it is necessary to assess the gains made during the recent years. Main text With inclining global support and World Health Organisation (WHO) efforts, the control programmes have been implemented effectively in many endemic countries. Given the aroused interest and investments into malaria elimination programmes at global level, the ambitious goal of elimination appears feasible. Sustainable interventions have played a pivotal role in malaria contraction, however drug and insecticide resistance, social, demographic, cultural and behavioural beliefs and practices, and unreformed health infrastructure could drift back the progress attained so far. Ignoring such impeding factors coupled with certain region specific factors may jeopardise our ability to abide righteous track to achieve global elimination of malaria parasite. Although support beyond the territories is important, but well managed integrated vector management approach at regional and country level using scrupulously selected area specific interventions targeting both vector and parasite along with the community involvement is necessary. A brief incline in malaria during 2016 has raised fresh perturbation on whether elimination could be achieved on time or not. Conclusions The intervention tools available currently can most likely reduce transmission but clearing of malaria epicentres from where the disease can flare up any time, is not possible without involving local population. Nevertheless maintaining zero malaria transmission and checks on malaria import in declared malaria free countries, and further speeding up of interventions to stop transmission in elimination countries is most desirable. Strong collaboration backed by adequate political and financial support among the countries with a common objective to eliminate malaria must be on top priority. The present review attempts to assess the progress gained in malaria elimination during the past few years and highlights some issues that could be important in successful malaria elimination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-019-0524-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Challenges In Achieving Malaria Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are malaria elimination efforts on right track? An analysis of gains achieved and challenges ahead

2019

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“…Synthetic pyrethroids including deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin are widely used in various public health programmes to control mosquitoes in many countries. However, in the recent years efficacy of these insecticides against potential malaria vectors has been found to reduced in endemic areas [ 2 , 3 , 6 , 17 , 34 ]. The present study area has vast paddy fields and large scale vegetable cultivation throughout the year, and the pyrethroids are widely used in the control of agricultural pests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Insecticides Susceptibility and Malaria Vector Potential of Anopheles annularis s.l. and Anopheles vagus in Assam, India

et al. 2016

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During the recent past, development of DDT resistance and reduction to pyrethroid susceptibility among the malaria vectors has posed a serious challenge in many Southeast Asian countries including India. Current study presents the insecticide susceptibility and knock-down data of field collected Anopheles annularis sensu lato and An. vagus mosquito species from endemic areas of Assam in northeast India. Anopheles annularis s.l. and An. vagus adult females were collected from four randomly selected sentinel sites in Orang primary health centre (OPHC) and Balipara primary health centre (BPHC) areas, and used for testing susceptibility to DDT, malathion, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. After insecticide susceptibility tests, mosquitoes were subjected to VectorTest™ assay kits to detect the presence of malaria sporozoite in the mosquitoes. An. annularis s.l. was completely susceptible to deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and malathion in both the study areas. An. vagus was highly susceptible to deltamethrin in both the areas, but exhibited reduced susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin in BPHC. Both the species were resistant to DDT and showed very high KDT50 and KDT99 values for DDT. Probit model used to calculate the KDT50 and KDT99 values did not display normal distribution of percent knock-down with time for malathion in both the mosquito species in OPHC (p<0.05) and An. vagus in BPHC (χ2 = 25.3; p = 0.0), and also for deltamethrin to An. vagus in BPHC area (χ2 = 15.4; p = 0.004). Minimum infection rate (MIR) of Plasmodium sporozoite for An. vagus was 0.56 in OPHC and 0.13 in BPHC, while for An. annularis MIR was found to be 0.22 in OPHC. Resistance management strategies should be identified to delay the expansion of resistance. Testing of field caught Anopheles vectors from different endemic areas for the presence of malaria sporozoite may be useful to ensure their role in malaria transmission.

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“…These areas are exposed to intense and constant malaria transmission all year round; hence, the population living for a long time tends to develop high levels of immunity against malaria ( 14 ). In endemic areas, progressive acquisition of immunity with age is observed, which results in decreased malaria incidence with increasing age ( 15 , 16 ). Studies have suggested that the time to acquire clinical immunity against malaria depends on the intensity of transmission, interventions used, and genetic diversity of malaria parasite ( 15 , 16 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of asymptomatic carriers and weather variables in persistent transmission of malaria in an endemic district of Assam, India

Das

Dhiman

Talukdar

et al. 2015

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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BackgroundMalaria transmission is perennial in the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh interstate border areas in the Sonitpur district of Assam, India. A yearlong study was carried out on the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria and the role of asymptomatic malaria carriers in persistent transmission of the disease. The relationships between malaria incidence and weather parameters were also investigated.MethodsActive and mass blood surveys were conducted on a monthly basis in Bengenajuli, Sapairaumari Pathar, and Nigam villages near the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border. Epidemiological indices were estimated for malaria-positive cases. Multiple linear regression between monthly malaria incidence and monthly average temperature, and relative humidity along with monthly total rainfall was carried out. The known malaria vectors collected in CDC light traps were identified and recorded.ResultsSlide positivity rate (SPR) and Plasmodium falciparum percent (Pf%) for symptomatic malaria were 26.1 and 79.8, respectively. Prevalence of malaria vectors was observed throughout the year with varying density. Anopheles philippinensis/nivipes and A. annularis were predominant among the seven known vector species recorded currently. Asymptomatic parasitemia was detected throughout the year with SPR ranging from 4.8 to 5.3. Monthly rainfall with 1-month lag had the highest correlation (r=0.92) with SPR. The relationship between SPR and weather factors was established as SPR=−114.22+0.58 T min+1.38 RH+0.03 RF (R 2=0.89; p=0.00).ConclusionLow and relatively constant levels of asymptomatic parasitemia was present in the study area. High malaria vector density and presence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriers were responsible for persistent malaria transmission in the region. This study concludes that passive detection and prompt treatment of asymptomatic carriers is essential for preventing persistent disease transmission. Rainfall along with some other weather variables may be used for predicting the malaria epidemics in the region. The predictive information could be useful to target resources more effectively.

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Culminating anti-malaria efforts at long lasting insecticidal net?

Cited by 17 publications

References 46 publications

Are malaria elimination efforts on right track? An analysis of gains achieved and challenges ahead

Are malaria elimination efforts on right track? An analysis of gains achieved and challenges ahead

Evaluation of Insecticides Susceptibility and Malaria Vector Potential of Anopheles annularis s.l. and Anopheles vagus in Assam, India

Role of asymptomatic carriers and weather variables in persistent transmission of malaria in an endemic district of Assam, India

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