Crystallographic Characterization of II–VI Semiconducting Nanostructures via Optical Second Harmonic Generation

Ren, Ming-Liang; Agarwal, Rahul; Liu, Wenjing; Agarwal, Ritesh

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02690

Cited by 46 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The ratios of volume fractions of domains following the same stacking sequence (either 1 or 2) were calculated as shown in Table 1, with the understanding that V d( i ) = V d(+, i )– V d(–, i ) , where ‘d' labels the ferroelastic domain α, β, γ or δ , and i =1 or 2 labels the type of stacking sequence (Supplementary Note 1). On 15 different nanowire devices of large diameters (>500 nm to avoid anisotropy in in-coupling and out-coupling of light)183335; we estimated the median value of the material constants d 31 /d 15 , and d 15 /d 33 to be 1.05 and −0.53, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inverting polar domains via electrical pulsing in metallic germanium telluride

et al. 2017

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Germanium telluride (GeTe) is both polar and metallic, an unusual combination of properties in any material system. The large concentration of free-carriers in GeTe precludes the coupling of external electric field with internal polarization, rendering it ineffective for conventional ferroelectric applications and polarization switching. Here we investigate alternate ways of coupling the polar domains in GeTe to external electrical stimuli through optical second harmonic generation polarimetry and in situ TEM electrical testing on single-crystalline GeTe nanowires. We show that anti-phase boundaries, created from current pulses (heat shocks), invert the polarization of selective domains resulting in reorganization of certain 71o domain boundaries into 109o boundaries. These boundaries subsequently interact and evolve with the partial dislocations, which migrate from domain to domain with the carrier-wind force (electrical current). This work suggests that current pulses and carrier-wind force could be external stimuli for domain engineering in ferroelectrics with significant current leakage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inverting polar domains via electrical pulsing in metallic germanium telluride

et al. 2017

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“…By investigating the dependence of the SH intensities on the excitation polarizations, the secondorder nonlinear susceptibility of a single CdS nanowire can be determined [20][21][22][23][24][25] . The generated SH waves from such nanowires can be analyzed by using near-field scanning optical microscopy [26] or far-field microscopic imaging [27] .…”

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Resonant and nonresonant second-harmonic generation in a single cadmium sulfide nanowire

Huang

Dai

et al. 2017

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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We experimentally investigate the resonant and nonresonant second-harmonic generation in a single cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanowire. The second-order susceptibility tensor is determined by analyzing the forward secondharmonic signals of the CdS nanowire. Our results show that (1) d 33 ∕d 31 ¼ −2.5 at a nonresonant input wavelength of 1050 nm; (2) d 33 ∕d 31 ¼ −1.9 at a resonant wavelength of 740 nm. The difference can be attributed to the polarization-dependent resonance.OCIS codes: 190.2620, 190.4720. doi: 10.3788/COL201715.061901.Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals have been attracting considerable attention due to its excellent optical and electronic properties. It is a member of wide direct band gap (∼2.4 eV) semiconducting compounds and possesses large optical nonlinearities, which make it extensively useful in linear and nonlinear optoelectronic devices. In the past several years, many researchers have synthesized different CdS nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, nanoribbons, and nanowires through various growth methods [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . The optical properties of such CdS nanostructures, including photoluminescence, absorption, and lasing, have been well studied [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] . Benefiting from their large second-order nonlinear response, CdS nanowires have been proven to be very useful in efficiently realizing nonlinear optical effects, such as optical correlation [13] and nonlinear optical mixing [14] . Also, the optical limiting properties of CdS nanowires were reported recently [15] . However, the secondorder nonlinear susceptibilities of a single CdS nanowire have not been well investigated.Second-harmonic (SH) generation arises from the second-order nonlinear polarization in a nonlinear optical crystal [16][17][18][19] . By investigating the dependence of the SH intensities on the excitation polarizations, the secondorder nonlinear susceptibility of a single CdS nanowire can be determined [20][21][22][23][24][25] . The generated SH waves from such nanowires can be analyzed by using near-field scanning optical microscopy [26] or far-field microscopic imaging [27] . Both methods are based on the detection of the back-reflected SH signal. Compared to the forward SH emission, the back-irradiated SH emission has a much shorter coherence length and a much lower intensity, which will reduce the quality of the SH signals and the measurement accuracy. In this work, we utilize a forward SH scattering method [28,29] , which is ideal for characterizing nanostructures with similar sizes to the wavelengths involved, to characterize the second-order susceptibility tensors of single CdS nanowires. In addition, it has been reported that the second-order nonlinear optical response of a nanowire can be significantly influenced by the resonant excitation (i.e., the SH photon energy is above the bandgap of the semiconductor nanowire) [30,31]

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“…polycrystalline monolayer MoS 2 28 . At the nanoscale (<300 nm), SHG has also been studied 29 and demonstrated to probe growth orientation 30,31 and crystal structure 30,32 of nanowires (NWs).…”

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“…CdTe nanostructures were grown using the vapor liquid solid (VLS) process in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) set-up 33 . The untwinned CdTe NB was first analyzed via TEM to ensure the absence of twin boundaries and later through optical SHG polarimetry technique which was reported in our previous work (Supporting Information Figure S2) 32 Figure 1C). Therefore, these w,qlm,measurements show that SHG polarimetry is capable of distinguishing between different domains (A and B) in ZB CdTe, thus enabling the detection of planar defects such as twin boundaries in crystalline systems.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we study and analyze multiple nanotwins in ZB CdTe NWs and nanobelts (NBs) via the SHG polarimetry technique29,32 , and quantitatively resolve the nature of the twin boundaries (upright versus inverted), a task which is otherwise challenging to accomplish. Moreover, due to distinct SHG polarimetric signals observed in periodically twinned CdTe NWs, it was ascribed to inverted twin boundaries rather than energetically favorable upright twin boundaries, showing clear evidence of inverted twin boundaries that have been rarely detected in NWs 21 .To understand the nature of upright and inverted twin boundaries, we need to consider four different domains of ZB CdTe and their interfaces with each other.…”

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Nanotwin Detection and Domain Polarity Determination via Optical Second Harmonic Generation Polarimetry

et al. 2016

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We demonstrate that optical second harmonic generation (SHG) can be utilized to determine the exact nature of nanotwins in noncentrosymmetric crystals, which is challenging to resolve via conventional transmission electron or scanned probe microscopies. Using single-crystalline nanotwinned CdTe nanobelts and nanowires as a model system, we show that SHG polarimetry can distinguish between upright (Cd-Te bonds) and inverted (Cd-Cd or Te-Te bonds) twin boundaries in the system. Inverted twin boundaries are generally not reported in nanowires due to the lack of techniques and complexity associated with the study of the nature of such defects. Precise characterization of the nature of defects in nanocrystals is required for deeper understanding of their growth and physical properties to enable their application in future devices.

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Crystallographic Characterization of II–VI Semiconducting Nanostructures via Optical Second Harmonic Generation

Cited by 46 publications

References 29 publications

Inverting polar domains via electrical pulsing in metallic germanium telluride

Inverting polar domains via electrical pulsing in metallic germanium telluride

Resonant and nonresonant second-harmonic generation in a single cadmium sulfide nanowire

Nanotwin Detection and Domain Polarity Determination via Optical Second Harmonic Generation Polarimetry

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