Cryotherapy as a coadjuvant in crotaline snakebite management with F(ab’)2 antivenom: A randomized pilot study

Perceptions on Indigenous Medicine, First Aid and Treatment of Snakebite among Sri Lankan Farmers

“…The general recommendation of the WGONT was that immobilization and elevation of the bitten limb using a splint and keeping the patient as inactive as possible are the only universally described applicable methods of first aid. Reassurance of the victim is also the most important 24 .…”

Considerations for the development of a field-based medical device for the administration of adjunctive therapies for snakebite envenoming

“…First aid techniques that are at best questionably effective or, at worst, severely detrimental, have been reviewed( Bénard-Valle et al, 2015 ; Fry, 2018 ; Parker-Cote and Meggs, 2018 ). These discouraged methods include the use of immediate autotomy (self-amputation)( Bénard-Valle et al, 2015 ), tourniquets( Amaral et al, 1998 ; Bush and Kinlaw, 2015 ), suction devices( Alberts et al, 2004 ; Bush, 2004 ; Bush et al, 2000 ; Holstege, 2006 ), incisions( Hall, 2001 ), cryotherapy( Canul-Caamal et al, 2020 ; Frank, 1971 ), electric shock( Howe and Meisenheimer, 1988 ; Johnson et al, 1987 ), “medicinal” stones( Baldwin, 1995 ), and herbal or traditional remedies( Puzari et al, 2022 ; Gomes et al, 2010 ; Martz, 1992 ). Unfortunately, the use of many of these ineffective techniques persist not only in rural areas with high burdens of SBE( Ameade et al, 2021 ; Chaaithanya et al, 2021 ; Chuat et al, 2021 ; Mahmood et al, 2019 ; Michael et al, 2011 ; Singaravelu et al, 2021 ), but also in clinical, government, and military settings( Afroz et al, 2023 ; Bhargava et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2017 ; Johnson et al, 2013 ; Michael et al, 2017 , 2018 ; Wilkins et al, 2018 ).…”