Crustacean hematopoiesis

Abstract

Crustacean hemocytes are important mediators of immune reactions, and the regulation of hemocyte homeostasis is of utmost importance for the health of these animals. This review discusses the current knowledge on the lineages, synthesis and differentiation of hemocytes in crustaceans. Hematopoietic tissues, their origins, and the regulation of hematopoiesis during molting, seasonal variation and infection are discussed. Furthermore, studies concerning the molecular regulation of hemocyte formation in crustaceans are also described, and the different lineages and their molecular markers are discussed and compared with several insect species. Signaling pathways and the regulation of hematopoiesis by transcription factors are typically conserved among these arthropods, whereas cytokines and growth factors are more variable and species specific. However, considering the great diversity among the crustaceans, one should be cautious in drawing general conclusions from studies of only a few species.2

Effects of X-ray irradiation on haemocytes of Procambarus clarkii (Arthropoda: Decapoda) males

“…As pointed out by some authors, in malacostracans the occurrence of circulating haemocytes in division is an exceptional phenomenon and it reflects the release, in the circulation, of immature haemocytes or prohaemocytes from haematopoietic sites (Bauchau 1981;Roulston & Smith 2011). The lack of noticeable ultrastructural damage induced by X-ray irradiation on circulating haemocytes is consistent with the finding that SH and GH are differentiated haemocytes whilst HH are pro-stages for the two above haemocyte lineages, as reported for Penaeus monodon (Van De Braak et al 2002) and for Pacifastacus leniusculus (Wu et al 2008;Söderhäll 2016). In A. leptodactylus ultrastructural features suggest that HH is a relatively undifferentiated haemocyte type whilst SH ("small granule haemocytes") and GH ("large granule containing haemocytes") show features of well-differentiated haemocyte types (Giulianini et al 2007).…”

Reactive Oxygen Species Affect Transglutaminase Activity and Regulate Hematopoiesis in a Crustacean

“…Hematopoiesis, the process by which new blood cells are formed, occurs in different organs in different animal phyla, and several regulatory pathways of this process are evolutionary conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates (1)(2)(3). However, few invertebrate species have been investigated, and therefore knowledge of invertebrate hematopoiesis is lacking.…”

“…However, few invertebrate species have been investigated, and therefore knowledge of invertebrate hematopoiesis is lacking. One of the more well established invertebrate models in the field of blood cell (hemocyte) production, except for Drosophila melanogaster, is the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, in which proliferation of hematopoietic cells and their differentiation into mature hemocytes have been characterized in detail (1,4). In this species, a technique for the culture of hematopoietic tissue and stem cells was successfully established, resulting in the isolation of important cytokines; namely, astakines (5).…”

“…The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article. 1 regulation of the balance between proliferation/differentiation and apoptosis (4). Furthermore, Ast1 manipulates the ECM structure through the regulation of extracellular TGase activity (10).…”

Early Detection of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Isolated Hemocytes of <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>

“…They derive from mesoderm tissues [8] and are considered the effector cells of the crustacean's immune system because they are actively involved in processes such as pathogen recognition, phagocytosis, melanization, cytotoxicity and cellular communication [9]. The circulatory system in crustaceans is incompletely closed and the hemolymph irrigates all the tissues [10], therefore, hemocytes could play an important role for the dispersion of the WSSV virions through the organism. However, to date, it is still not clear whether WSSV is able to replicate within these cells, especially in the hemocytes of the whiteleg shrimp L. vannamei, the most cultivated shrimp worldwide.…”