Crushed maize seeds enhance soil biological activity and salt tolerance in caper (Capparis spinosa L.)

A comprehensive model for predicting the defense system development of the most important plant: a novel approach to assess the physiological indices

“…The SOD which is considered as one of the most important enzymes used for reducing oxidative stress in plant defense system, is responsible for catalyzing dismutating O 2 − to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (Türkan and Demiral, 2009). The SOD induction in plant cells under various stressful environments represents its involvement in the defense mechanism related to plants (Sadeghi and Rostami., 2017). Based on the path analysis, beside proline, total chlorophyll as well as chlorophyll index had a signi cant effect on SOD activity and plants with higher chlorophyll content showed the higher SOD activity resulted in better performance under stress condition.…”

“…Caper (Capparis spinosa L.), as a well-adapted plant in arid or semi-arid context as well as salty areas (Legua et al, 2013: Sadeghi andTaban, 2021), can be used for increasing greenery and income in regions with extreme weather. Soil erosion is considered as a concern for these weather conditions.…”

“…This plant has a deep root system, which can resist drought condition and temperatures above 40°C (Chedraoui et al, 2017). Additionally, it covers soil surfaces with vegetative canopy and maintains soil water (Sadeghi and Rostami., 2017). It has been suggested that the salt tolerance mechanism of caper is the localization of toxic ions in shoot rather than root and leaf which are the key sites of vital physiological and biochemical process such as absorbing water and mineral and photosynthesis, respectively (Sadeghi and Taban, 2021).…”

“…It has been suggested that the salt tolerance mechanism of caper is the localization of toxic ions in shoot rather than root and leaf which are the key sites of vital physiological and biochemical process such as absorbing water and mineral and photosynthesis, respectively (Sadeghi and Taban, 2021). The mentioned tolerance mechanisms made caper as a low input crop which successfully growth in salty regions with less than 200 mm yearly rainfall without any irrigation, which the cultivation of other commercial crops is impossible (Legua et al, 2013;Sadeghi and Rostami., 2016;Sadeghi and Taban, 2021). Besides caper's edible bud, ower and fruits, it is also used for medicinal and culinary purposes (Chedraoui et al, 2017).…”

“…Water de cit or drought stress as well as salt stress are considered as one of the most common abiotic stresses, which can decrease photosynthesis considerably. Additionally, under stress condition, the reduction of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesizing tissue leading to a reduction in the total growth (Sadeghi and Rostami., 2017;Ghanaatiyan and Sadeghi, 2016). Further, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH − ), superoxide radical (O 2 − ), and singlet oxygen (O 1 − ) increases under stress condition which leads to the enhancement of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant (Fakhari and Sadeghi, 2016).…”