Cross-talk between adipose tissue and the HPA axis in obesity and overt hypercortisolemic states

Abstract

In addition to its roles in providing insulation and mechanical support, adipose tissue (AT) has been recognised as the major site for storage of surplus fuel. Since leptin was discovered, white AT (WAT) has been recognised as an endocrine organ and an important source of biologically active substances with local and/or systemic action called adipokines. The metabolic and endocrine activities of AT are under the control of several hormones: a particular role has been played by glucocorticoids (GC), which able to participate, along with other hormones, both in recruitment of progenitor cells and in differentiation and secretive activities. AT is also able to generate cortisol from cortisone through 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). There are controversial reports in the literature, showing a hyperactivity of 11β-HSD in obesity. It has been postulated that obesity, particularly the visceral body fat distribution (V-BFD), may be considered a maladaptation to stress exposure, thus leading to hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and higher-than-normal cortisol levels. In this review, we will examine the cross-talk between the HPA axis and AT, their relationship under stressful events, depending on steroid hormones and different adipokine secretions.

Impact of Pregestational Weight and Weight Gain during Pregnancy on Long-Term Risk for Diseases

“…The possible relationship between thyroid diseases and obesity has been debated [21,22], as well as the relationship between obesity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [23]. We also found an increase in overall morbidity in diseases previously not mentioned.…”

Interactions between cortisol and lipids in human milk

“…Bioactive constituents in human milk include cortisol, fatty acids (FAs), such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and parts of the milk fat globule membrane. These are all linked, as the metabolic and endocrine activities of adipose tissue, and energy metabolism in general, are affected by glucocorticoids, cortisol and cortisone [1]. Both cortisol and cortisone are secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands in response to physiological and psychological stress [2].…”

Longitudinal associations between overweight/obesity and stress biology in low-income children

“…In mammals, glucocorticoids maintain and enhance energy stores (3), and in humans, too, cortisol plays a central role in regulating food intake and metabolism (4). Obesity also impacts cortisol regulation, as adipose tissue can generate cortisol, and there are interactions between adipose tissue and the HPA axis (5). Given this extensive cross-talk between systems coordinating stress responses, food intake, and metabolism (3), the dynamic patterns between cortisol regulation and obesity over time need to be investigated.…”