“…On the contrary, their intention is to propose a global theory of knowledge creation, featuring 'interesting and focused narrative detail that allows us to abstract and articulate universals that explain the "how"' (Nonaka et al, 2008: 4, emphasis added). However, the main research findings may undermine their purported claims of universality, since the unique Japanese cultural and institutional elements underlying those knowledge creation practices (Hong et al, 2006b;Lam, 2003) may encounter friction during their global spread and the ensuing local adaptation processes (Lervik and Lunnan, 2004). Figure 1.…”