Cross-country convergence in global value chains: Evidence from club convergence analysis

Speed of convergence in global value chains: Forward or backward linkage

“…After all, they are already connected through global value chains (GVCs). Each country participating in GVC has the potential to increase value-added not just in one location, but in several locations, allowing countries to catch up and achieve greater convergence [ 5 , 15 , 32 , 33 ].…”

New insights on the relationship between the involvement of countries in global value chains, and intra- and inter-country inequalities

“…While we have seen that Participation negatively affected intra-country inequality, it presents a positive effect on inter-country inequalities (20.67 and 22.73, respectively), meaning that it favors economic upgrading, but also increases disparities between countries. Increasing competitiveness is then a crucial step on achieving economic upgrading (Jangam and Rath, 2020). Nonetheless, its translation into social upgrading, measured in terms of convergence, is not so clear.…”

Tracing carbon emissions convergence along the way to participate in global value chains: A spatial econometric approach for emerging market countries

“…As GVCs participation proliferate around the world, developing economies have been able to adopt technical innovations, skills, and knowledge from developed countries (Jangam and Rath, 2020), without the need to establish auxiliary industries, restore production of all necessary inputs, or develop the national value chain (Rodrik, 2018). In this way, developing countries are able to achieve static and dynamic efficiency, which can increase their value addition and per capita income (Kummritz, 2016).…”

“…Additionally, this new wave of globalization has altered the relationships between developed and emerging nations while redefining the frontiers of knowledge, production structure, and comparative advantages among various nations (Baldwin, 2017). GVCs have facilitated the transfer of technological innovations, skills, and knowledge from developed countries to developing countries, allowing developing countries to enter international markets and reap potential benefits without having to develop ancillary industries and revert to the local production of all necessary inputs (Rodrik, 2018;Jangam and Rath, 2020).…”