Cross-connection detection in Australian dual reticulation systems by monitoring inherent fluorescent organic matter

Hambly, Adam C.; Henderson, Rita K.; Baker, Andy; Stuetz, Richard M.; Khan, Stuart J.

doi:10.1080/09593330.2012.696724

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…We did receive anecdotal evidence, but without accompanying data. The lack of data corroborates previous findings, “Despite the significant presence of dual reticulation systems cross the USA, very limited research into cross-connection events and cross-connection detection has been published.” [25]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Health Impact of Cross-Connections in Non-Potable Reuse Systems

Schoen¹,

Jahne

Garland

2018

Water

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We used quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to estimate the microbial risks from two contamination pathways in onsite non-potable water systems (ONWS): contamination of potable water by (treated) reclaimed, non-potable water and contamination of reclaimed, non-potable water by wastewater or greywater. A range of system sizes, event durations, fraction of users exposed, and intrusion dilutions were considered (chlorine residual disinfection was not included). The predicted annual microbial infection risk from domestic, non-potable reuse remained below the selected benchmark given isolated, short-duration intrusion (i.e., 5-day) events of reclaimed water in potable water. Whereas, intrusions of wastewater into reclaimed, non-potable water resulted in unacceptable annual risk without large dilutions or pathogen inactivation. We predicted that 1 user out of 10,000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted wastewater in the reclaimed, non-potable water system each year to meet the annual benchmark risk of 10−4 infections per person per year; whereas, 1 user out of 1000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted reclaimed water in the potable water each year. Overall, the predicted annual risks support the use of previously derived non-potable reuse treatment requirements for a variety of ONWS sizes and support the prioritization of protective measures to prevent the intrusion of wastewater into domestic ONWS.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Health Impact of Cross-Connections in Non-Potable Reuse Systems

Schoen¹,

Jahne

Garland

2018

Water

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“…A centralized utility typically manages water reclamation programs to ensure that treatment standards are met and to distribute reclaimed water. Dual reticulation programs have been implemented in cities in the United States, Japan, and Australia [21]. Reclaimed water products can help conserve high-quality water produced by utilities for essential purposes.…”

Section: Dual Reticulation Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Smart Water Grid for Micro-Trading Rainwater: Hydraulic Feasibility Analysis

Ramsey

Pesantez

Fasaee

et al. 2020

Water

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Water availability is increasingly stressed in cities across the world due to population growth, which increases demands, and climate change, which can decrease supply. Novel water markets and water supply paradigms are emerging to address water shortages in the urban environment. This research develops a new peer-to-peer non-potable water market that allows households to capture, use, sell, and buy rainwater within a network of water users. A peer-to-peer non-potable water market, as envisioned in this research, would be enabled by existing and emerging technologies. A dual reticulation system, which circulates non-potable water, serves as the backbone for the water trading network by receiving water from residential rainwater tanks and distributing water to households for irrigation purposes. Prosumer households produce rainwater by using cisterns to collect and store rainwater and household pumps to inject rainwater into the network at sufficiently high pressures. The smart water grid would be enabled through an array of information and communication technologies that provide capabilities for automated and real-time metering of water flow, control of infrastructure, and trading between households. The goal of this manuscript is to explore and test the hydraulic feasibility of a micro-trading system through an agent-based modeling approach. Prosumer households are represented as agents that store rainwater and pump rainwater into the network; consumer households are represented as agents that withdraw water from the network for irrigation demands. An all-pipe hydraulic model is constructed and loosely coupled with the agent-based model to simulate network hydraulics. A set of scenarios are analyzed to explore how micro-trading performs based on the level of irrigation demands that could realistically be met through decentralized trading; pressure and energy requirements at prosumer households; pressure and water quality in the pipe network.

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“…However, the incidence of cross-connections between recycled water and drinking water pipework in Australia is spatially and temporally rare (MWD, 2012, p. 115), with the incidence reported as being on average in the order of 1 event in 10 000 dwellings per year (Storey et al 2007). Most of the incidents were in the early days of the sector, where for example, at the Sydney Water Corporation's Rouse Hill recycled water scheme (the first and largest scheme of its kind) 50 cross-connections were found prior to the scheme's commissioning in 2001 due to plumber error inside residences (Hambly et al 2012). In recent years only one cross-connection incident has been reported (at a school in Melbourne), but with no related health consequences (DHHS 2015).…”

Section: Regulations To Safeguard Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of context and perception when designing out risks associated with non-potable urban water reuse

Mukheibir

Mitchell

2018

Urban Water Journal

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Perceptions and cognitive bias in relation to reuse water can influence the responses to risk and reward. Much has been written on community perspectives and risk perceptions with regard to recycled water for non-potable use. This paper is distinct in that it focuses on the scheme proponents and those involved in designing and delivering schemes. An analysis of five case studies in Australia across a range of diverse settings revealed that the levels of treatment for various end-uses were in excess of the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling. The evidence shows that the water industry has a fairly narrow view when identifying risks, and has an insurance type response to mitigating the risk. The overarching drivers for this are either the mitigation of the perceived risk associated with using reuse water, or the lack of an adaptive response to changes in the circumstances.

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Cross-connection detection in Australian dual reticulation systems by monitoring inherent fluorescent organic matter

Cited by 17 publications

References 123 publications

Human Health Impact of Cross-Connections in Non-Potable Reuse Systems

Human Health Impact of Cross-Connections in Non-Potable Reuse Systems

A Smart Water Grid for Micro-Trading Rainwater: Hydraulic Feasibility Analysis

The influence of context and perception when designing out risks associated with non-potable urban water reuse

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