Cross Calibration of the GPS Constellation CXD Proton Data With GOES EPS

Carver, M.; Sullivan, J. P.; Morley, S.; Rodriguez, J. V.

doi:10.1002/2017sw001750

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The mean difference in L value between both normalization methods is listed in Table 2 for each energy with the difference percentage and the number of linked cutoffs per energy. In agreement with the cross-correlation determined by Carver et al (2018), the difference percentage is smallest (<2%) when E > 30 MeV. For higher energies, fewer cutoff L-shells are linked due to GOES differential fluxes becoming zero for both less intense SPEs and less intense periods of SPEs.…”

Section: Validation Normalization Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The first GPS spacecraft with a CXD instrument was launched in 2001 and nowadays 24 GPS satellites carry a CXD detector. To enable scientific use of the CXD detectors, Carver et al (2018) cross-calibrated the CXD proton channels with those from the Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) onboard GOES and found that integral proton fluxes for energies >30 MeV are on average within 20% of each other. In addition, Chen et al (2020) and Carver et al (2020) have shown that CXD data can be used to reliably determine cutoff L-shells of solar energetic protons during SPEs by normalizing the proton flux with the average flux in the open field line (L > 10) region measured by CXD instruments at each moment.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cutoff Latitudes of Solar Proton Events Measured by GPS Satellites

Hazendonk

Heino²,

Jiggens

et al. 2022

JGR Space Physics

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Solar energetic particles (SEPs), one of the main causes of particle radiation in interplanetary space, can disrupt radio communication, induce spacecraft failures and change the heating and cooling rates in the atmosphere among others. To investigate the impact of SEPs and more specifically solar proton events (SPEs), we established a cutoff latitude database based on energetic particle data from Combined X‐ray Dosimeters (CXDs) on board the Global Positioning System (GPS) spacecraft. Introducing a novel normalization method involving proton fluxes from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites enabled us to include the CXD data from its introduction (2001) onwards. The database contains 5714 cutoff latitudes divided over six energies between 18 and 115 MeV which occur during 58 SPEs from 2001 to 2015. Based on the database, a cutoff latitude parameterization as a function of solar wind dynamic pressure and geomagnetic indices Kp and Dst is created for each energy. Moreover, comparisons to previous studies on energetic particle data from the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites have been performed to put the GPS data into perspective. A 1–2° poleward offset is found for the GPS based cutoff latitude models, for which several causes are discussed. Furthermore, the limitation of GPS data to geomagnetic latitudes above 60° should be considered. All in all, the usage of the long time span of GPS data in this study combined with its recent release (2016) opens up a new range of studies involving GPS energetic particle data such as investigating long‐term trends with respect to our solar cycle or magnetospheric trends.

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Section: Validation Normalization Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutoff Latitudes of Solar Proton Events Measured by GPS Satellites

Hazendonk

Heino²,

Jiggens

et al. 2022

JGR Space Physics

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“… 2018 ; Carver et al. 2018 ), we provide the sensor response functions so that end users can experiment with other calibration methods, should they so choose.…”

Section: Data Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science

et al. 2021

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Measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the dynamics of Earth’s geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen Probes were equipped with the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometers (MagEIS) that measured energetic and relativistic electrons, along with energetic ions, in the radiation belts. Accurate and routine measurement of these particles was of fundamental importance towards achieving the scientific goals of the mission. We provide a comprehensive review of the MagEIS suite’s on-orbit performance, operation, and data products, along with a summary of scientific results. The purpose of this review is to serve as a complement to the MagEIS instrument paper, which was largely completed before flight and thus focused on pre-flight design and performance characteristics. As is the case with all space-borne instrumentation, the anticipated sensor performance was found to be different once on orbit. Our intention is to provide sufficient detail on the MagEIS instruments so that future generations of researchers can understand the subtleties of the sensors, profit from these unique measurements, and continue to unlock the mysteries of the near-Earth space radiation environment.

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“…We use data from 20 satellites (ns53-ns59 and ns61-ns73) carrying the CXD detectors (for details, see Carver et al, 2018). It is of note that the data from ns60 were not used due to the intermittent quality issues.…”

Section: Gps Electron Flux Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium Energy Electron Flux in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt (MERLIN): A Machine Learning Model

Smirnov

Berrendorf

Shprits

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The radiation belts of the Earth, filled with energetic electrons, comprise complex and dynamic systems that pose a significant threat to satellite operation. While various models of electron flux both for low and relativistic energies have been developed, the behavior of medium energy (120-600 keV) electrons, especially in the MEO region, remains poorly quantified. At these energies, electrons are driven by both convective and diffusive transport, and their prediction usually requires sophisticated 4D modeling codes. In this paper, we present an alternative approach using the Light Gradient Boosting (LightGBM) machine learning algorithm. The Medium Energy electRon fLux In Earth's outer radiatioN belt (MERLIN) model takes as input the satellite position, a combination of geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters including the time history of velocity, and does not use persistence. MERLIN is trained on >15 years of the GPS electron flux data and tested on more than 1.5 years of measurements. Tenfold cross validation yields that the model predicts the MEO radiation environment well, both in terms of dynamics and amplitudes o f flux. Evaluation on the test set shows high correlation between the predicted and observed electron flux (0.8) and low values of absolute error. The MERLIN model can have wide space weather applications, providing information for the scientific community in the form of radiation belts reconstructions, as well as industry for satellite mission design, nowcast of the MEO environment, and surface charging analysis. Plain Language SummaryThe radiation belts of the Earth, which are the zones of charged energetic particles trapped by the geomagnetic field, comprise complex and dynamic systems posing a significant threat to a variety of commercial and military satellites. While the inner belt is relatively stable, the outer belt is highly variable and depends substantially on solar activity; therefore, accurate and improved models of electron flux in the outer radiation belt are essential to understand the underlying physical processes. Although many models have been developed for the geostationary orbit and relativistic energies, prediction of electron flux in the 120-600 keV energy range still remains challenging. We present a data-driven model of the medium energies (120-600 keV) differentialelectron flux in the outer radiation belt based on machine learning. We use 17 years of electron observations by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. We set up a 3D model for flux prediction in terms of L-values, MLT, and magnetic latitude. The model gives reliable predictions of the radiation environment in the outer radiation belt and has wide space weather applications.

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Cross Calibration of the GPS Constellation CXD Proton Data With GOES EPS

Cited by 10 publications

References 50 publications

Cutoff Latitudes of Solar Proton Events Measured by GPS Satellites

Cutoff Latitudes of Solar Proton Events Measured by GPS Satellites

The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science

Medium Energy Electron Flux in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt (MERLIN): A Machine Learning Model

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