2019
DOI: 10.3390/cleantechnol1010012
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Abstract: Clean energy technologies have been developed to address the pressing global issue of climate change; however, the functionality of many of these technologies relies on materials that are considered critical. Critical materials are those that have potential vulnerability to supply disruption. In this paper, critical material intensity data from academic articles, government reports, and industry publications are aggregated and presented in a variety of functional units, which vary based on the application of e… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Another very important application concerns the development of fuel cells. These systems are considered as very promising clean energy technologies for the future [54,55], if hydrogen is produced from non-fossil resources [52,53].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another very important application concerns the development of fuel cells. These systems are considered as very promising clean energy technologies for the future [54,55], if hydrogen is produced from non-fossil resources [52,53].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, the development of e-mobility in the EU will require the deployment of multiple new technologies, including batteries, fuel cells, traction motors, and digital technologies. This will, consequently, influence the demand for critical raw materials such as REEs (Nd, Dy, Pr) and boron for motors in EVs [49], as well as lithium, cobalt, natural graphite for energy storage in LiBs [68], and platinum in FCs. Lightweight parts of vehicles will require CRMs, such as magnesium, niobium, silicon metal and titanium, while electronic components need gallium, germanium, and indium [51].…”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sufficient supplies of raw materials essential to strategic value chains have become one of the main economic challenges of the EU [4,7,[46][47][48]. Growing demand stems mainly from the advancing digital revolution, emerging innovations, e-mobility and artificial intelligence technologies, and the global energy transition [49,50]. The EU dependency on external supplies of the raw materials needed for its industry and economy is best reflected by supply risk (SR) and import dependency (IR) parameters.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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