Cryptosporidium
spp. is a pathogenic protozoan present in the
gastrointestinal tract of several hosts. This protozoan was originally
classified as within the
Coccidia
Class and has recently been
reclassified to gregarine based on studies that observed the evolutionary phases
from the process of excision and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Molecular
biology techniques have become diagnostic tools and have also been used to
understand the epidemiology of
Cryptosporidium
spp., since
several species of this genus are very similar morphologically and
morphometrically. Molecular techniques have been used in the identification of
parasites, at the species and subtypes levels and to study disease transmission.
The laboratory diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis can be made by parasite
detection methods, such as optical microscopy, antigens or genetic material
detection, as well as serum antibodies raised to
Cryptosporidium
spp. Molecular methods were developed and
allowed, not only an extensive revision of the taxonomy, but also an improvement
in the laboratory diagnosis. In Brazil, there are few reports of
Cryptosporidium
spp. outbreaks in humans and all of them
took place in nurseries. A few epidemiological studies developed in Brazil have
used molecular methods for the detection of
Cryptosporidium
spp., as well as genotyping studies of their species and subtypes. The use of
real-time PCR, together with microscopy and immunochromatography techniques,
would result in a more precise diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. The analysis of
genotypes, subtypes and clonality of
Cryptosporidium
could be
useful to understand and define the prognosis and severity of infections.