Cranberry extract inhibits in vitro adhesion of F4 and F18 + Escherichia coli to pig intestinal epithelium and reduces in vivo excretion of pigs orally challenged with F18 + verotoxigenic E. coli

Pradervand

et al. 2019

Preprint

19The development of alternatives to antibiotics is crucial to limiting the incidence of antimicrobial 20 resistance, especially in prophylactic and metaphylactic use to control post-weaning diarrhea 21 (PWD). Feed additives, including bioactive compounds, could be a promising alternative. This 22 study aimed to test two bioactive compounds, sodium salicylate (SA) and a chestnut extract 23 (CE) containing hydrolysable tannins, on the occurrence of PWD. At weaning, 72 piglets were 24 assigned to four treatments that combined two factors: CE supplementation (with 2% of CE 25 (CE+) or without (CE-)) and SA supplementation (with 35 mg/kg BW of SA (SA+) or without 26 (SA-)). Then, 4 days after weaning, all piglets were infected with a suspension at 10 8 CFU/ml 27 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4ac). Each piglet had free access to an electrolyte 28 solution containing, or not, SA. This SA supplementation was administered for 5 days (i.e., 29 from the day of infection (day 0) to 4 days post-infection (day 4). During the 2 weeks post-30 infection, supplementation with SA had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth performances nor on 31 fecal scores. A significant SA × time interaction (P < 0.01) for fecal scores and the percentage 32 of diarrhea indicated that piglets with SA did not recover faster and did have a second episode 33 of diarrhea. In contrast to SA treatment, inclusion of CE increased (P < 0.05) growth 34 performances and feed intake. In the first week post-infection, CE decreased (P < 0.001) the 35 overall fecal scores, the percentage of piglets with diarrhea, the days in diarrhea, and ETEC 36 shedding in the feces. There was a SA×CE interaction (P < 0.05) for ETEC shedding, 37 suggesting a negative effect of combining SA with CE. This study highlighted that, in contrast 38 to SA, CE could represent a promising alternative to antibiotics immediately after weaning for 39 improving growth performance and reducing PWD. 41 Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is a major enteric disease in pig production that occurs mainly 42 during the first two weeks after weaning. This problem causes substantial economic losses 43 due to high rates of mortality and morbidity, depression of feed intake and growth, and 44 increased costs of medication [1]. 45 Apart from the multifactorial etiology owing to several stressors, including nutritional, social, 46 and environmental changes, PWD is often related to infection with specific pathogens. 47 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a prevalent pathogen involved in PWD [2]. For 48 instance, in Switzerland, 42.5% of weaned pigs with diarrhea were identified as having ETEC 49 [3]. Those bacteria possess fimbriae that adhere to receptors located on the apical side of the 50 enterocytes and secrete enterotoxins, including heat labile toxin (LT) and heat stable toxin 51 (STb), which results in fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen, leading to dehydration and 52 acidosis, which ultimately results in diarrhea [4, 5]. 53 Antibiotics are usually used to treat this type of infection....

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Chestnut extract but not sodium salicylate decrease the severity of diarrhea and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 shedding in artificially infected piglets

Pradervand

et al. 2019

Preprint

“…This result agrees with those of previous experiments in which infected or non-infected piglets fed various types of tannin extract excreted less ETEC or F18 verotoxigenic E. coli [27][28][29]. This decreased bacterial shedding might be the result of a bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic effect of tannins on ETEC F4ac, as previously observed in vitro [30,31], and/or a decrease in bacterial adhesion to the intestinal epithelium [28]. A previous study on uropathogenic E. coli reported that cranberry tannins were able to decrease in vitro the adhesion forces between the bacteria and a probe surface and to alter the conformation of the surface macromolecules on E. coli [32].…”

Section: Effects Of Chestnut Extract Supplementationsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Nevertheless, none of the 18 SA-/CE+ piglets developed watery diarrhea (fecal score = 4), and in general, piglets supplemented with CE diet shed less ETEC in their feces. This result agrees with those of previous experiments in which infected or non-infected piglets fed various types of tannin extract excreted less ETEC or F18 verotoxigenic E. coli [27][28][29]. This decreased bacterial shedding might be the result of a bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic effect of tannins on ETEC F4ac, as previously observed in vitro [30,31], and/or a decrease in bacterial adhesion to the intestinal epithelium [28].…”

Section: Effects Of Chestnut Extract Supplementationsupporting

confidence: 92%

Chestnut extract but not sodium salicylate decreases the severity of diarrhea and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 shedding in artificially infected piglets

Pradervand

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

The development of alternatives to antibiotics is crucial to limiting the incidence of antimicrobial resistance, especially in prophylactic and metaphylactic use to control post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). Feed additives, including bioactive compounds, could be a promising alternative. This study aimed to test two bioactive compounds, sodium salicylate (SA) and a chestnut extract (CE) containing hydrolysable tannins, on the occurrence of PWD. At weaning, 72 piglets were assigned to four treatments that combined two factors: CE supplementation (with 2% of CE (CE+) or without (CE-)) and SA supplementation (with 35 mg/kg BW of SA (SA+) or without (SA-)). Then, 4 days after weaning, all piglets were infected with a suspension at 10 8 CFU/ml of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4ac). Each piglet had free access to an electrolyte solution containing, or not, SA. This SA supplementation was administered for 5 days (i.e., from the day of infection (day 0) to 4 days post-infection (day 4). During the 2 weeks post-infection, supplementation with SA had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth performances nor on fecal scores. A significant SA × time interaction (P < 0.01) for fecal scores and the percentage of diarrhea indicated that piglets with SA did not recover faster and did have a second episode of diarrhea. In contrast to SA treatment, inclusion of CE increased (P < 0.05) growth performances and feed intake. In the first week postinfection, CE decreased (P < 0.001) the overall fecal scores, the percentage of piglets with diarrhea, the days in diarrhea, and ETEC shedding in the feces. There was a SA×CE interaction (P < 0.05) for ETEC shedding, suggesting a negative effect of combining SA with CE. This study highlighted that, in contrast to SA, CE could represent a promising alternative to antibiotics immediately after weaning for improving growth performance and reducing PWD.

“…A few studies focused on the effects of tannins on the intestinal epithelium adhesion of ETEC strains. Coddens et al (2017) found that 10 μg of cranberry extract was sufficient to reduce the in vitro adhesion of verotoxigenic E. coli F18, whereas a greater amount (100 μg) was necessary to strongly inhibit ETEC F4 adhesion. These results were confirmed in ligated loop experiments on pigs in which the immunochemistry results clearly demonstrated that preincubation of F4 or F18 fimbriae with cranberry extract abolished the binding of fimbriae to the intestinal epithelial brush border.…”

Section: Inhibition Of Bacterial Adhesion To the Intestinal Epitheliumentioning

confidence: 97%

Invited review: Tannins as a potential alternative to antibiotics to prevent coliform diarrhea in weaned pigs

Bee

2020

Animal

In addition to a multifactorial etiology of nutritional, social and environmental stressors, post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs is often related to infection with specific pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In swine farming operations, the incidence of PWD is a global concern and is associated with an unbalanced gut status, resulting in poor performance and high antimicrobial consumption via prophylaxis and metaphylaxis. Increases in antimicrobial resistance are reinforcing an already-urgent need for sustainable, alternative solutions for maintaining optimal gut health in livestock. Tannin-rich plants and extracts contain bioactive compounds that could be of great interest in this respect. This review describes how the use of tannins around weaning could be beneficial for pigs, with special emphasis on the reduction of ETEC-related PWD. An overview of the broad chemical diversity of tannins is presented together with their physicochemical and biological properties, as well as how they may be metabolized in the digestive tract. The pharmacological effects exerted by tannins are summarized; more precisely, the possible mechanisms by which tannins can disrupt the different steps of the pathogenesis of ETEC-related PWD are highlighted. The factors affecting the bioactivity of tannins are also discussed, shedding light on the importance of chemical structure among different tannins.