COVID-19 personal protective behaviors during mass events: Lessons from observational measures in Wales, UK.

Abstract

Within the context of reopening society in the summer of 2021, as the UK moved away from ’lockdown,’ the Government of Wales piloted the return on organised ‘mass gatherings’ of people at a number of test events. Behavioral observations were made at two of the test events to support this process. The research was particularly interested in four key factors: How (1) context within a venue, (2) environmental design, (3) staffing and social norms, and (4) time across an event, affected personal protective behaviors of social distancing, face covering use, and hand hygiene. Data collection was undertaken by trained observers across the above factors. Findings suggest that adherence of attendees was generally high, but with clear indications that levels were shaped in a systematic way by the environment, situational cues, and the passage of time during the events. Some instances of large-scale non-adherence to personal protective behaviors were documented. Overall, there were three main situations where behavioral adherence broke down, under conditions where: (1) staff were not present; (2) there was a lack of environmental signalling (including physical interventions or communications); and (3) later into the events when circumstances were less constrained and individuals appeared less cognitively vigilant. Behavioral observations at events can add precision and identify critical risk situations where/when extra effort is required. The findings suggest a liberal paternal approach whereby state authorities, health authorities and other key organisations can help nudge individuals towards COVID-safe behaviors. Finally, an individual’s intentions are not always matched by their actions, and so behavioral insights can help identify situations and contexts where people are most likely to require additional support to ensure COVID-19 personal protective behaviors are followed and hence protecting themselves and others.

Developing a population data science approach to assess increased risk of COVID-19 associated with attending large events

“…There was a recognition that risk would be difficult to assess given the small size of most events and the background of low community transmission at the time [25]. Nevertheless the information provided on the number of cases identified in people attending the two larger test events provided some reassurance at the time and supported the behavioural insights work being carried as part of the test-events programme [26]. Although the present study was not able to arrive at any conclusions of risk associate with these events, it does demonstrate a methodology that could be better applied to other events in higher incidence setting.…”