COVID-19 Pandemic and Role of Human Saliva as a Testing Biofluid in Point-of-Care Technology

Hamid, Hiba; Khurshid, Zohaib; Adanir, Necdet; Zafar, Muhammad Sohail; Zohaib, Sana

doi:10.1055/s-0040-1713020

Cited by 66 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Key advantages of the Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assay are simple operation procedures, with an all-in-one reagent mix and high-speed of detection in just over an hour, which is significantly faster than the up to seven hours required by traditional extraction followed by amplification technologies, currently used to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in OF samples [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 ]. Moreover, the test does not require extra-equipment (i.e centrifuges or an extraction system) and technical laboratory infrastructure, being suitable for the field settings and for near-to-patient diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The WHO currently recommends RT-PCR testing using nasopharyngeal (NPS) and oropharyngeal swabs (OPS) as gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and for monitoring viral load [ 4 , 5 ]. OF has been suggested as an alternate clinical sample, easy and safer to collect, minimizing exposure of healthcare workers and could be useful for making a diagnosis and measuring SARS-CoV-2 viral load and viral shedding during the course of the illness and convalescence [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. To et al, demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 was present in OF specimen of 11 out of 12 patients, with viral load being higher during the first week after symptoms onset and declining thereafter, being detectable until 25 days after symptoms onset (DSO) [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay

Bordi

Sberna

Lalle

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Background: RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal (NPS)/oropharyngeal swabs is the gold standard for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral load monitoring. Oral fluid (OF) is an alternate clinical sample, easy and safer to collect and could be useful for COVID-19 diagnosis, monitoring viral load and shedding. Methods: Optimal assay conditions and analytical sensitivity were established for the commercial Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assay adapted to OF matrix. The assay was used to test 337 OF and NPS specimens collected in parallel from 164 hospitalized patients; 50 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens from a subgroup of severe COVID-19 cases were also analysed. Results: Using Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct on OF matrix, 100% analytical detection down to 1 TCID50/mL (corresponding to 4 × 103 copies (cp)/mL) was observed. No crossreaction with other viruses transmitted through the respiratory toute was observed. Parallel testing of 337 OF and NPS samples showed highly concordant results (κ = 0.831; 95 % CI = 0.771–0.891), and high correlation of Ct values (r = 0.921; p < 0.0001). High concordance and elevated correlation was observed also between OF and BAL. Prolonged viral RNA shedding was observed up to 100 days from symptoms onset (DSO), with 32% and 29% positivity observed in OF and NPS samples, respectively, collected between 60 and 100 DSO. Conclusions: Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assays on OF have high sensitivity and specificity to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and provide an alternative to NPS for diagnosis and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 shedding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay

Bordi

Sberna

Lalle

et al. 2020

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…After further exclusion of five studies, only eight studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] No studies were found in the bibliographies of the included articles during manual search. The included articles consisted of six case reports, [10][11][12][13][14]16 a retrospective study, 9 and a prospective study.…”

Section: Results Of Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,14 Also, saliva has been proven as a detecting biofluid for viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis C, Ebola, Zika, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus family. 15,16 Saliva contains a host of antimicrobial factors including enzymes and antibodies such as salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA). 8 It is reported that sIgA is one of the main immunoglobulins in the line of defense against pathogens invading mucosal surfaces, 17 enhancing oral immunity by preventing microbial adhesion and bacterial colonization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary IgA as a Useful Biomarker for Dental Caries in Down Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to critically analyze and summarize studies reporting association of salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels as a biomarker for dental caries in Down syndrome (DS) patients. Using the keywords salivary [All Fields] AND IgA [All Fields] AND (“down syndrome” [MeSH Terms] OR (“down”[All Fields] AND “syndrome” [All Fields]) OR “down syndrome” [All Fields]), an electronic search was conducted via PubMed and Scopus databases by two authors, H. H. and Z. K. independently. Retrieved studies were screened against the predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria. To estimate the risk of bias, quality assessment of included studies was carried using the Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale for observational studies. Primary search resulted in 10 articles from PubMed and 13 articles from Scopus. Ten studies fulfilled the defined selection criteria and evaluated the salivary IgA (sIgA) level in DS patients with dental caries. Five articles were further analyzed in a quantitative synthesis presented in the meta-analysis. Due to a modified lifestyle and compromised oral hygiene in DS patients, understandably, it is still postulated in the literature that the presence of sIgA can have a protective effect on the occurrence of dental caries as compared with healthy counterparts. As indicated by the present meta-analysis, no conclusions can be drawn as to definitively label sIgA as a biomarker for dental caries. Further, well-designed longitudinal clinical studies and translational research are therefore required before the benchmarking of sIgA as a useful biomarker for dental caries in DS patients with preferable molecular insights.

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“…7 Currently, rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through saliva, blood, nasal pharyngeal swabs, and throat washes is helping in minimizing and controlling its transmission. 8,9 At present, electronic and digital technology has become the inordinate protagonist and is providing valuable information related to controlling the pandemic. 10 Similarly, timely sharing of information without knowing of its legitimacy and scientific basis may lead to significant controversies and misconceptions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common misconceptions regarding COVID-19 among health care professionals: an online global cross-sectional survey

Tariq¹,

Hamid²,

Mashood³

et al. 2020

J Oral Res

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has taken the world by storm, with cases continuously increasing by the hour and with a shortage of information regarding the virus available to the general public. Despite the availability of trusted online sources, there are still misconceptions relating to the virus floating around. This study aimed to find out the level of misconceptions among healthcare professionals (HCPs) worldwide about the ensuing COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted through a global online survey. The self-administered questionnaire was designed and registered at an online website (Kwiksurveys). A total of 652 participants from 35 different countries across the world responded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Socio-demographic and discipline characteristics were compared with the help of the chi-square test and univariate and multivariate logistic regression to find significant relationships. Results: Among all HCPs, general physicians (61.2%) were the most common respondents. The responses from females (63.3%) almost doubled those of men, and nearly half of the participants were working in private institutes (49.2%). Additionally, the major source of information used by HCPs about COVID-19 was social media (55.4%). Regarding misconception assessment, 71.6% of participants had correct concepts regarding COVID-19. However, 28.4% had incorrect information. Female HCPs were 1.49 times more likely to have correct concepts compared to males (OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.04-2.14). Conclusions: The majority of the HCPs were keeping themselves up-to-date with current information concerning the knowledge, prevention, and hygiene practices of COVID-19 infection. However, some misconceptions are deeply rooted in the mindsets of HCPs worldwide and need to be addressed by the continuous professional development of HCPs. The availability of reliable sources of information on the pandemic should be encouraged, with adequate explanations also available to the general public in simple terms.

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COVID-19 Pandemic and Role of Human Saliva as a Testing Biofluid in Point-of-Care Technology

Cited by 66 publications

References 45 publications

Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay

Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay

Salivary IgA as a Useful Biomarker for Dental Caries in Down Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Common misconceptions regarding COVID-19 among health care professionals: an online global cross-sectional survey

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