COVID-19 in Human, Animal, and Environment: A Review

Abstract

The medical authority in China, especially in Wuhan city, reported on December 2019 a large number of highly fatal, rapidly spreading viral pneumonia caused by an unknown coronavirus. The common history of all the patients was their visiting a Wuhan's whole food store, where live animals and seafood are sold. Irrespective of the efforts of the Chinese authorities, the virus spread rapidly all over the world by travelers, provoking widespread attention by the media and panic. Many previous coronavirus epidemics had been recorded, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recently newly discovered epidemic is named coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). This disease is caused by SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and this virus is antigenically related to the SARS virus (SARS-CoV), which had been detected in 2002, depending on clinical, serological, and molecular findings. There is rapid competition among the researchers to discover the source of the virus, understand the mechanism of the disease development, establish treatment strategies, and determine the factors affecting the incidence of infection and severity of the disease, and focus on the production of a vaccine. Coronaviruses are a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome viruses; its genome length varies from 26 to 32 kb. Coronavirus causes mild to severe respiratory disorders. In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown causes were found in Wuhan city, which is located in the Hubei province in China. Chinese health authorities investigated the problem and found that a new virus caused such infection and, using next-generation sequencing, found the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It has been transferred from humans to humans and animals to humans (zoonotic). Coronaviruses cause multiple respiratory problems, varying from common cold to severe infections such as SARS. General symptoms of infection include fatigue, cough, and breathing problems such as shortness of breath, as described by World Health Organization. Serious cases may result in pneumonia, renal failure, and even death. We address current information about the new SARS Coronavirus-2 as well as the COVID-19 disease caused by it in this review.

Quantitative and Ultrasensitive In-situ Immunoassay Technology for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Saliva

“…Currently, the emergence of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is spreading across the world, causing massive healthcare burdens and economic shutdowns at an unprecedented scale. 1 , 2 Unfortunately, the daily reported positive cases and deaths keep growing. One of the reasons is the limitations of existing testing capabilities, including a scarcity of convenient tests, time-consuming workflows, and the requirement for samples to be processed in a lab with specialized equipment for sensitive molecular diagnostic methods.…”

COVID-19: pathogenesis, advances in treatment and vaccine development and environmental impact—an updated review

“…The spread of the novel coronavirus, at different time intervals, posed serious health threats to both humans and animals, and has led to severe economic losses and considerable environmental changes (Dhama et al 2020a ; Swelum et al 2020 ). In late December 2019, in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China, several people suffering from severe pneumonia with unknown etiology were reported (Qun 2020 ).…”

“…5 ). The adverse influences included the reduction in the environmental sustainability, earth systems, and the total environment (Hafez and Attia 2020 ; Swelum et al 2020 ). The COVID is an immune response to environmental violations by humans through chemicals that are produced annually and their negative and destructive impact on the environment, its results that cannot be expected, and how to combat it, but the virus showed human weakness in facing disaster.…”

“…One of the positive effects of the virus is to reduce environmental pollution, as the economic crisis has led to the closure of institutions, the reduction of transport activity, and the decrease in the standard of living and thus will enhance the environment. It is also possible, with the continuation of the epidemic that environmental pollution will continue to break companies in the knowledge and infrastructure sector and move to primitive roads (The Interpreter, 2020; Swelum et al 2020 ). There is no doubt that these positive effects on the environment will benefit the world, as the decrease in oil prices and the increase in the supply of it can be investing in it and providing an increase in it in half and providing the economy instead of investing in expensive new areas (The World Bank 2020 ).…”

No Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals Exposed to Infected Keepers: Results of a COVID-19 Surveillance Program

“…Coronaviruses represent a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae within the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales [ 1 ]. Coronaviruses are capable of infecting a variety of hosts, including; cattle, dogs, pigs, cats, horses, rats, turkeys and humans [ 2 ]. In humans, coronaviruses are frequently responsible for the common cold [ 3 ], although over the past two decades they have caused three major outbreaks of respiratory syndromes associated with considerable morbidity and mortality rates.…”