Coupling Ifosfamide to nanoemulsion-based clove oil enhances its toxicity on malignant breast cancer and cervical cancer cells

Abstract

The anticancer effects of chemotherapeutic agents may be accentuated, and their side effects minimized by combining them with essential oils in nanocarrier systems. This study aimed to incorporate ifosfamide (IF) into nanoemulsion-based clove oil (IF-CLV). The nano-emulsion (NE) formulas were characterized with Zetasizer. The cytotoxicity of the formulated NEs against cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines was determined using MTT assay, light microscopy, and DAPI staining. The z – average diameters of NE-CLV and IF-CLV were 63.1±1.00 and 89.4±2.64 nm, while Zeta potential values were – 4.39±0.4 and – 11.65±1.1mV, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that relative to free IF, NE-CLV and IF-CLV were highly toxic on HeLa and MCF-7cells, in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of NE-CLV against HeLa and MCF-7 have decreased 38 and 27 folds, while the corresponding IC50 values of IF-CLV have decreased 57 and 35 folds, respectively. These results suggest that the incorporation of IF into NE-based clove oil produces potent therapeutic effects against cancer cell lines.

Oxaliplatin-loaded nanoemulsion containingTeucrium poliumL. essential oil induces apoptosis in Colon cancer cell lines through ROS-mediated pathway

“…When compared with Oxa-NS treated group, the combined formulation caused a 109.8-fold reduction in the dose of Oxa needed for 50% growth inhibition, relative to HT-29 cells treated Oxa-NS ( p ≥ 0.05). This observation could be attributed to the enhancement of the penetration of chemotherapeutics through the cell membrane when delivered into nano-formulations, in addition to the cytotoxic potential of essential oils on cancer (Al-otaibi, 2021 ; Zhang et al., 2019 ; AlMotwaa, 2021 ; Al-Otaibi et al., 2020 ).…”

“…The marked elevations in ROS levels in cells treated with Oxa + TPO-NANO and TPO-NANO, relative to cells treated with Oxa-NS might be explained by the apoptotic potential of these two formulations on the studied cancer cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the anticancer potential of essential oils formulated into nanocarriers which predominantly triggered ROS production within cancer cells, thereby facilitating apoptosis of the treated cells (Al-otaibi, 2021 ; AlMotwaa, 2021 ; Salehi et al., 2020 ; Panyajai et al., 2022 ; Nirmala et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, TPO and its bioactive components have been shown to exert anticancer potential predominantly by induction of ROS generation and induction of cell death through the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway (Su et al., 2013 ; Bai & Tang, 2020 ; Li et al., 2013 ; Sobral et al., 2014 ; Pan et al., 2016 ; Karan et al., 2018 ).…”

Gemcitabine-Loaded Nanocarrier of Essential Oil from Pulicaria crispa: Preparation, Optimization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Anticancer Activity

“…The average of droplet size of the PC-NE loaded with GEM (PC-NE:GEM) was 11.36 ± 0.0.21 nm, with a PDI of 0.010 ± 0.003 ( Figure 4 ). The droplet size was increased because of the GEM loading [ 30 , 31 ]. A lower PDI value indicates more uniform droplet size [ 29 ].…”

An Update on the Therapeutic Anticancer Potential of Ocimum sanctum L.: “Elixir of Life”

“…Further, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 went down because the NF-B signaling pathway was turned off. This stopped the p50 and p65 subunits from being phosphorylated and moved them to the nucleus [ 203 ].…”