Country of residence, gender equality and victim blaming attitudes about partner violence: a multilevel analysis in EU

Ivert, Anna‐Karin; Merlo, Juan; Gracia, Enrique

doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckx138

Cited by 23 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thus, as expected, respondents with higher scores on the WI-IPVAW (i.e., those more willing to intervene), perceive IPVAW situations as more severe, find IPVAW less acceptable, have fewer victim-blaming attitudes, and score lower in hostile sexism. This supports the idea that willingness to intervene in cases of IPVAW reflects the personal level of tolerance and acceptance of this type of violence and suggests that attitudes toward intervention in cases of IPVAW are also linked to attitudes justifying IPVAW, such as victim blaming, and to hostility toward women ( Glick et al, 2002 ; Taylor and Sorenson, 2005 ; Gracia et al, 2014 ; Herrero et al, 2017 ; Ivert et al, 2018 ). With respect to the specific factors, both “calling the cops” and “not my business,” were related as expected (i.e., the first positively and the second negatively) with the same set of variables.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

The Willingness to Intervene in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (WI-IPVAW) Scale: Development and Validation of the Long and Short Versions

et al. 2018

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Willingness to intervene when one becomes aware of a case of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) reflects the level of tolerance and acceptance of this type of violence in society. Increasing the likelihood of intervention to help victims of IPVAW is also a target for prevention strategies aiming to increase informal social control of IPVAW. In this study, we present the development and validation of the Willingness to Intervene in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence (WI-IPVAW) scale. We report data for both the long and short versions of the scale. We analyzed the latent structure, the reliability and validity of the WI-IPVAW across four samples (N = 1648). Factor analyses supported a bifactor model with a general non-specific factor expressing willingness to intervene in cases of IPVAW, and three specific factors reflecting different intervention preferences: a preference for setting the law enforcement process in motion (“calling the cops” factor), a preference for personal intervention (“personal involvement” factor), and a preference for non-intervention (“not my business” factor). Configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance across genders were supported. Two short versions of the scale, with nine and six items, respectively, were constructed on the base of quantitative and qualitative criteria. The long and short versions of the WI-IPVAW demonstrated both high reliability and construct validity, as they were strongly related to the acceptability of IPVAW, victim-blaming attitudes, perceived severity of IPVAW, and hostile sexism. These results confirm that both the long and short versions of the WI-IPVAW scale are psychometrically sound instruments to analyze willingness to intervene in cases of IPVAW in different settings and with different research needs (e.g., long versions for clinical and research settings, and short versions for large population surveys). The WI-IPVAW is also useful for assessing prevention policies and public education campaigns design to promote a more responsive social environment in cases of IPVAW, thus contributing to deter and reduce this major social and public health problem.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

The Willingness to Intervene in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (WI-IPVAW) Scale: Development and Validation of the Long and Short Versions

et al. 2018

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“…This study is not without limitations. The VB-IPVAW was developed in the Spanish cultural setting, and further studies are needed to adapt and generalize our findings to other cultures (Boira, Carbajosa, & Mendez, 2016;Ivert, Merlo, & Gracia, 2018). The sampling method is another limitation, since online sampling has some tradeoffs that may limit the generalizability of this study (Thornton et al, 2016;Topolovec-Vranic & Natarajan, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Assessing Victim-Blaming Attitudes in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence against Women: Development and Validation of the VB-IPVAW Scale

Martín-Fernández

Gracia

Lila

2018

Psychosocial Intervention

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IPVAW "is a complex phenomenon that needs to be understood within the wider social context and within the social and cultural norms that permeate it. Public attitudes and responses regarding violence against women reflect these norms and play an important role in shaping the social climate in which the violence occurs" (p. 13). Researchers increasingly acknowledge the importance of paying attention to attitudes towards IPVAW, as they are linked, for example, to IPVAW incidence, victims' help-seeking behavior, or public and law enforcement responses (

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“…The available findings show that these attitudes are modulated by individual, organizational, community and social factors [4,14], including gender, age, educational level, political orientation, income level, marital status, place of residence, country of origin and experiences of victimization, in addition to the country's level of development, its location on equal terms, its culture or its level of religiosity [15][16][17][18]. However, cross-cultural analyses show that there are regional and cultural differences in these attitudes [2,8,10,16,17,[19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle

Sánchez-Prada

Álvarez

Fiol

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) normalize and promote these aggressive behaviors. As a result, more and more research is proposing the identification, analysis and intervention of these attitudes. However, the vast majority of this research focuses on students. The main objective of this paper is to analyze these supportive attitudes throughout the lifecycle. An opportunity sample of 200 Spanish participants, by age and sex fixed quotas, took part in this study. Attitudes were measured using the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence and the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test, a personalized form of Implicit Association Test (IAT). The results show that explicitly measured supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women differ between age groups, adopting a U-shape distribution: lower acceptance among middle-aged-adults and young-adults and higher acceptance among adolescents and older adults. However, when these attitudes were implicitly measured, the IPVAW rejection increased with age, which is a counter-intuitive result and inconsistent with previous theoretical evidence. In summary, these results support an age effect that differs according to the measure of attitudes used and highlight some difficulties related to based-on-reaction-time measures among older people. This suggests the need for further research on the topic, especially among the older population.

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Country of residence, gender equality and victim blaming attitudes about partner violence: a multilevel analysis in EU

Abstract: The present study shows that there are important between-country differences in victim-blaming attitudes that cannot be explained by differences in individual-level demographics or in gender equality at the country level. More research on attitudes towards IPVAW is needed.

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

The Willingness to Intervene in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (WI-IPVAW) Scale: Development and Validation of the Long and Short Versions

The Willingness to Intervene in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (WI-IPVAW) Scale: Development and Validation of the Long and Short Versions

Assessing Victim-Blaming Attitudes in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence against Women: Development and Validation of the VB-IPVAW Scale

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle

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