Country Income Is Only One of the Tiles: The Global Journey of Antimicrobial Resistance among Humans, Animals, and Environment

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most complex global health challenges today: decades of overuse and misuse in human medicine, animal health, agriculture, and dispersion into the environment have produced the dire consequence of infections to become progressively untreatable. Infection control and prevention (IPC) procedures, the reduction of overuse, and the misuse of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine are the cornerstones required to prevent the spreading of resistant bacteria. Purified drinking water and strongly improved sanitation even in remote areas would prevent the pollution from inadequate treatment of industrial, residential, and farm waste, as all these situations are expanding the resistome in the environment. The One Health concept addresses the interconnected relationships between human, animal, and environmental health as a whole: several countries and international agencies have now included a One Health Approach within their action plans to address AMR. Improved antimicrobial usage, coupled with regulation and policy, as well as integrated surveillance, infection control and prevention, along with antimicrobial stewardship, sanitation, and animal husbandry should all be integrated parts of any new action plan targeted to tackle AMR on the Earth. Since AMR is found in bacteria from humans, animals, and in the environment, we briefly summarize herein the current concepts of One Health as a global challenge to enable the continued use of antibiotics.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Eight Plant Essential Oils from Morocco against Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Different Turkey Organs

“…Indeed, our results showed streptomycin and/or colistin resistant E. coli strains from different turkey organs. Antibiotic multiresistant bacteria are a serious threat to both animal and humans' health and difficult to cure as they resist commonly used antibiotics [ 42 ]. However, our experiments showed that gentamicin was effective against all the isolates.…”

Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure Associated with Oxytetracycline Administration in Two Neonatal Foals Affected by Flexural Limb Deformity

“…The risk of development of rhabdomyolysis and nephrotoxicity in neonatal foals treated with IV OTC for flexural deformity from now on should be considered. In light of the novel information provided by the presented cases and the “One Health” concept introduced in the early 2000s, veterinarians should make more judicious use of antibiotics [ 40 ], especially off-label, and consider alternative therapies for the treatment of flexural limb deformities in neonatal foals. Mild congenital cases of metacarpophalangeal flexural deformity often self-correct.…”

Origin Sample Prediction and Spatial Modeling of Antimicrobial Resistance in Metagenomic Sequencing Data

“…The models we generated can help to develop a better understanding of the process through which Antimicrobial resistance is established by providing critically important environmental parameters. Ultimately, we may be able to alter some of these parameters in order to control the Antimicrobial resistance establishment as part of the One health concept (Pieri et al, 2020 ). One could also speculate that longitudinal data of well defined geographic regions risk profiles, as it will inevitably become available (Bengtsson-Palme et al, 2018 ), can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the public policy decisions.…”