Could smoking increase the risk for metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia in a Croatian population?

Abstract

Sažetak. Cilj: Shizofreniju karakterizira visoka učestalost ovisnosti o pušenju, kao i visoka učestalost metaboličkog sindroma. Unatoč tome, malo se zna o učinku pušenja na komponente metaboličkog sindroma u toj bolesti. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati pridonosi li, i u kojoj mjeri, pojava ovisnosti o pušenju, koncentracijama lipida i glukoze u plazmi te vrijednostima indeksa tjelesne mase (BMI) u skupini hrvatskih pacijenata sa shizofrenijom. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju su sudjelovala 263 kronična pacijenta (muškarci/žene: 139/124) s dijagnozom shizofrenije utvrđenom prema DSM-IV klasifikaciji (engl. Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders -DSM-IV). U pušače su klasificirani ispitanici koji puše najmanje jednu cigaretu dnevno u periodu duljem od godine dana, a u nepušače oni koji su popušili manje od 100 cigareta tijekom života. Rezultati: Unatoč visokoj stopi ovisnosti o pušenju (muškarci: 70,5 %; žene: 60,5 %) nije pronađena značajna razlika u koncentracijama lipida i glukoze u plazmi te vrijednostima BMI-ja između muškaraca pušača i nepušača, a u žena su se samo koncentracije triglicerida razlikovale ovisno o pušačkom statusu. Pri tome su pacijentice koje puše imale nešto više vrijednosti triglicerida u usporedbi s pacijenticama nepušačima (1,6 ± 0,7 vs. 1,3 ± 0,5; F = 4,25, P = 0,042). Ipak, multipla regresijska analiza pokazala je da je samo dob značajni prediktor vrijednosti triglicerida u pacijentica (β = 0,41; promjena R 2 = 0,171; P < 0,001), dok je učinak pušenja na koncentracije triglicerida, kao i na ostale ispitane metaboličke parametre, u pacijenata i pacijentica, ostao izvan granica statističke značajnosti (P > 0,05). Zaključak: Na temelju naših rezultata možemo zaključiti da pušenje ne utječe na koncentracije lipida i glukoze u plazmi te vrijednosti BMI-ja niti u pacijenata niti u pacijentica sa shizofrenijom.Ključne riječi: glukoza u plazmi; indeks tjelesne mase; lipidi u plazmi; pušenje; shizofrenija Abstract. Aim: Schizophrenia is associated with a high rate of nicotine dependence as well as with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. However, little is known about the influence of smoking on the metabolic syndrome in this illness. In the current study we aim to investigate whether, and to what extent, smoking may contribute to plasma lipid and glucose concentrations and body mass index (BMI) values in Croatian patients with schizophrenia. Patients and methods: Our study comprised 263 chronically ill patients (males/females: 139/124) who met the criteria for schizophrenia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Smokers were defined as individuals who smoked more than one cigarette each day for more than one year, and nonsmokers were defined as those who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes during their lifetime. Results: Although an elevated smoking rate was detected (males: 70.5%; females: 60.5%), we did not observe significant differences in plasma lipid and glucose concentrations and BMI values between male smokers and nonsmo...

Correlations Between Clinical and Metabolic Variables and Smoking among Antipsychotic- Naïve First-Episode and Nonadherent Chronic Patients with Psychosis

“…These findings support prior report among antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients from the Chinese population. However, they dif-fer from the results of studies among schizophrenic patients under antipsychotics treatment, revealing no significant contribution of smoking status to plasma lipid levels [48,49].…”

“…However, our results are in contrast with the findings of two studies investigating the potential relationship between smoking status and plasma lipid profiles among chronic medicated schizophrenia patients. Those two studies revealed no significant association between smoking and any lipid levels, including total cholesterol, LDL -c, HDL -c, and tri-glycerides [48,49]. Discrepancies in the results found between medicated and unmedicated patients suggest that antipsychotic medications might mask the effect of smoking on plasma lipids [48].…”