Cost of Biotech Drug Development and Affordability Issues in LMICs

Mohiuddin, Abdul Kader

doi:10.33552/abeb.2019.02.000538

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…In contrast to developed countries where medical insurance is well placed, people in developing countries like India have to pay the price of drugs out of their pockets [9]. After food, medicines are the second largest household expenditure item due to their meager availability in the civic sector, further pushing up domestic out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) spending [25]. Thus, if a patient is prescribed a costly medicine brand, he has to unnecessarily pay the extra cost [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pharmacoeconomic Outlook of the Biological Drugs Marketed in India: A Cost Variance Analysis

Shinde¹,

Patil²,

Bhandari³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Biologic drugs are used to treat various illnesses like autoimmune diseases, cancers, hormonal irregularities, anemia, etc., and to prevent various diseases as vaccines. Though various biologic drugs are already available, they are still not within reach of the common man due to financial constraints. Through many search engines, studies evaluating the cost variation of different brands of biologics were investigated; however, only a few studies that address this problem were found. Hence, this study was planned with the objective of addressing the cost variation of various brands of biologic medicines available in the Indian market. MethodsThe website for the Current Index of Medical Specialties (CIMS) for India's location was used to obtain the prices of the different brands of biologic medicines in Indian National Rupee (INR) currency, which different manufacturers market with identical forms in strength and dosage. The percentage cost variation and cost ratio were calculated with the help of the minimum and maximum prices of various brands of biologic drugs. ResultsThe prices of biologics belonging to six different classes that are available in 23 formulations were analyzed. The highest cost variability was shown by pegfilgrastim 6 mg at 1,022.92%, and the minimum-cost variation was shown by darbepoetin alfa 200 mcg at 13.07%. ConclusionOur research found a vast variance in the costs of various brands of biologic medicines in India. The government should address this cost variation problem by developing various policies, such as breaking the monopoly of manufacturers, providing tax incentives to nonprofit generic medicine manufacturers, and incorporating more biologic drugs under the protection of the Drugs Prices Control Order (DPCO).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pharmacoeconomic Outlook of the Biological Drugs Marketed in India: A Cost Variance Analysis

Shinde¹,

Patil²,

Bhandari³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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show abstract

“…The global use of medicines reports that the pharmaceutical companies is worth $1.2 trillion in 2018 with an increase of $100 billion compared with 2017. 50 With increasing incidence of chronic illnesses and the need to manage the diseases, there are pharmacies readily available to sell and dispense drugs over the counter this has led to an increase in intake and abuse of drugs. Table 1 shows a list of some over-thecounter drugs that metabolized by gut microbiota.…”

Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use and abuse of drugs and different kinds of pharmaceuticals is increasing at alarming rates. The global use of medicines reports that the pharmaceutical companies is worth $1.2 trillion in 2018 with an increase of $100 billion compared with 2017 50 . With increasing incidence of chronic illnesses and the need to manage the diseases, there are pharmacies readily available to sell and dispense drugs over the counter this has led to an increase in intake and abuse of drugs.…”

Section: Metabolism Of Drugs By the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacomicrobiomics: Influence of gut microbiota on drug and xenobiotic metabolism

et al. 2022

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Gut microbiota is the most diverse and complex biological ecosystem, which is estimated to consist of greater than 5 million distinct genes and 100 trillion cells which are in constant communication with the host environment. The interaction between the gut microbiota and drugs and other xenobiotic compounds is bidirectional, quite complicated, and not fully understood yet. The impact of xenobiotics from pollution, manufacturing processes or from the environment is harmful to human health at varying degrees and this needs to be recognized and addressed. The gut microbiota is capable of biotransforming/metabolizing of various drugs and xenobiotic compounds as well as altering the activity and toxicity of these substances, thereby influencing how a host responds to drugs and xenobiotics and this emerging field is known as pharmacomicrobiomics. In this review, we discussed different mechanisms of drug–gut microbiota interaction and highlighted the influence of drug‐gut microbiome interactions on the clinical response in humans.

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“…Despite this complexity and variability, most types of cancer are treated with the same generic therapies [396].…”

Section: Hiv/aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Pharmacists in Chronic Care [Part 2]

Mohiuddin¹

2020

ABEB

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This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ABEB.MS.ID.000566.Background Clinical pharmacology is a professional discipline that combines basic pharmacology and clinical medicine. A clinical pharmacist offers invaluable support in the development of a final prescription with better patient management and enhanced safety [1]. Its development began in the early 1950s, primarily as a result of the efforts of Harry Gold. Pharmacist rounding with inpatient hospital services has been traced to the University of Kentucky in 1957 [1,2]. Drug therapy was becoming much more complex. Graham Calder pioneered a new role for pharmacists on hospital wards in Aberdeen [3]. The role of clinical pharmacists underwent significant changes from the 1960s through 1990s as their participation in direct patient care enhanced. In the early 1970s, federal funding assisted with greatly expanding clinical pharmacy faculty in Colleges of Pharmacy [4]. Pharmacy education debated where clinical pharmacy fit within pharmacy training.The AACP spearheaded an effort to examine this issue. Till then, two full generations of pharmacists have been educated and trained after the general adoption of the aims of clinical pharmacy

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Cost of Biotech Drug Development and Affordability Issues in LMICs

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

A Pharmacoeconomic Outlook of the Biological Drugs Marketed in India: A Cost Variance Analysis

A Pharmacoeconomic Outlook of the Biological Drugs Marketed in India: A Cost Variance Analysis

Pharmacomicrobiomics: Influence of gut microbiota on drug and xenobiotic metabolism

Clinical Pharmacists in Chronic Care [Part 2]

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