Cost Estimation of Establishing a Cider Apple Orchard in Western Washington©

Galinato, Suzette P.; Gallardo, R. Karina; Miles, Carol A.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2015.1085.70

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…With the dramatic increase in hard cider production, some U.S. cider makers have expressed concern over the limited supply of cider-specific apples in the domestic market. This gap between the supply of and the demand for cider-specific apples has been researched in several apple-producing states, including Virginia (Farris, Peck, & Groover, 2013), Washington (Galinato, Gallardo, & Miles, 2014), Wisconsin (Baisden, 2015), and Vermont (Becot, et al, 2016a especially, are still in the process of reinventing a ‗cider culture.‖ However, little research has been undertaken on the interest of cider makers in differentiating their hard cider styles, and on the demand for hard cider made with cider-specific apples (Kline & Cole, 2017). In one of the first studies that looked at demand, Tozer et al (2015), who studied the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of consumers for different hard cider taste profiles, noted, -Given that there are no well-defined standards to categorize [hard] cider styles, such as there are for wines, consumers are faced with a difficult task of making a [hard] cider purchase based on inconsistent information on the product label.‖ Such confusion likely hinders the maturation of the hard cider industry.…”

Section: The Rise Of the Hard Cider Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Identity Crisis of Hard Cider

Fabien-Ouellet¹,

Conner²

2018

JFR

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In the past 5 years, the hard cider industry in the U.S. has undergone a sudden and dramatic growth period. This boom initially revealed challenges on the cider-specific apple supply side, but issues on the hard cider demand side have also emerged. This mixed methods study conducted in Vermont, a crucial player of the U.S. hard cider industry, addresses the gaps in the literature both on the apple supply side, and on the hard cider demand side. On the apple supply side, fourteen semi-structured interviews demonstrated that neither a long-term formalized contract nor a cooperative model (the two strategic partnership mechanisms used by world's leading industries to manage cider-specific apple production) are appropriate for the current Vermont industry context. On the hard cider demand side, cider makers expressed high interest in working under a geographical indication (GI) label to develop consumers' hard cider literacy and increase demand. This research further indicates that GIs can act as a powerful economic development tool. Introducing hard cider GIs could address current hard cider industry issues on both the supply side and the demand side.

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Section: The Rise Of the Hard Cider Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Identity Crisis of Hard Cider

Fabien-Ouellet¹,

Conner²

2018

JFR

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“…I n recent years there has been a rapid expansion of cider apple production in Washington state, with many new plantings occurring west of the Cascades where there is an average reported yield of 36,000 lb/ acre and crop value of $12,960/acre, assuming a fruit price of $0.36/lb (Galinato et al, 2014;Northwest Cider Association, 2016). A major obstacle to long-term orchard productivity and continued expansion in western Washington is the widespread occurrence of anthracnose canker on apple, caused by Neofabraea malicorticis (Rahe, 2010;Zang et al, 2011).…”

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Efficacy of Excision, Cauterization, and Fungicides for Management of Apple Anthracnose Canker in Maritime Climate

Garton

Mazzola

Dasgupta

et al. 2018

hortte

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This study was designed to determine the efficacy of canker excision (CE) followed by a subsequent application of cauterization (CAU) and/or fungicide treatment to the excised area for the management of anthracnose canker (caused by Neofabraea malicorticis) on cider apple (Malus ×domestica) trees. Three experiments were conducted from 2015 to 2017, with one experiment each year, in an experimental cider apple orchard in western Washington where trees were naturally infested with N. malicorticis. Treatments were applied once in December and data were collected January through March. Treatments in the 2015 experiment were CE + CAU, CE + CAU + copper hydroxide, CE + 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, Bordeaux mixture (BM) only, and CE + copper hydroxide (control). The 2016 experiment included the same treatments as in 2015 plus one additional treatment, CE + BM. In 2017, one additional treatment was added, CE only, and CAU treatments were removed as they caused significant injury to the trees. Canker size was measured pretreatment, and the treated canker or excised area was measured posttreatment every 2 weeks for 13–15 weeks. Compared with pretreatment, cankers treated with BM did not increase in size, while the excised area treated with CAU increased 28-fold in size on average, and the excised area treated with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite or copper hydroxide increased up to 4-fold in size. Each year new cankers developed in all treatments 13–15 weeks after treatment application, at a time of year when there should not be any spores present to cause new infections. Dark brown streaking, indicative of the disease, was observed in the tissue below the intact or excised cankers 15 months after treatment application all years. Although N. malicorticis was not isolated from symptomatic tissue, symptoms were observed in all treatments including where cankers had not been excised and there was no wounding of the cambium tissue. Findings from this study indicate that of the treatments evaluated, the application of copper hydroxide after CE was the most effective for limiting the number of new cankers, but it did not limit expansion of the excised area. Additional physical and fungicidal strategies need to be tested for effective management of anthracnose canker.

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“…Modern dessert apple orchards include dwarfing rootstock and trellis systems with 1200 to 1800 trees/acre (Fallahi, 2012;Lehnert, 2010;Marshall and Andrews 1994;Schotzko and Granatstein, 2005;Washington State University Extension, 2013). New specialty cider apple orchards in Washington include semidwarfing rootstocks and %700 trees/acre (Galinato et al, 2014). Cider fruit is harvested by hand, and hand harvest accounts for 46% of the total annual variable costs when the orchard is in full production (Galinato et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…New specialty cider apple orchards in Washington include semidwarfing rootstocks and %700 trees/acre (Galinato et al, 2014). Cider fruit is harvested by hand, and hand harvest accounts for 46% of the total annual variable costs when the orchard is in full production (Galinato et al, 2014). Fruit size of most cider apple varieties is smaller than standard dessert apple varieties, and it can take up to four times longer to pick one bin of cider apples than a bin of dessert apples (A. Zimmerman, personal communication).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Yield, Labor, and Fruit and Juice Quality Characteristics of Machine and Hand-harvested ‘Brown Snout’ Specialty Cider Apple

Miles¹,

King²

2014

hortte

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In this 2-year study of ‘Brown Snout’ specialty cider apple (Malus ×domestica) grafted onto Malling 27 (M.27) and East Malling/Long Ashton 9, we compared weight of total harvested fruit, labor hours for harvest, tree and fruit damage, and fruit and juice quality characteristics for machine and hand harvest. Machine harvest was with an over-the-row small fruit harvester. There were no significant differences due to rootstock; however, there were differences between years for most measurements. Weight of harvested fruit did not differ because of harvest method; however, harvest efficiency was 68% to 72% for machine pick and 85% to 89% for machine pick + clean-up weight (fruit left on trees and fruit knocked to the ground during harvest) as compared with hand harvest. On average for the 2 years, hand harvest required 23 labor-hours per acre at a total cost of $417, while machine harvest required 5 labor-hours per acre at a cost of $93. There were no differences due to harvest method on damage to spurs (four to eight spurs damaged per tree) or limbs (0.5–0.8 limbs damaged per tree). Although there were also no differences due to harvest method on fruit bruising (100% for both harvest methods in this study), 10% of fruit were sliced and 4% of fruit were cut in half inadvertently with machine harvest, and none were sliced or cut with hand harvest. Harvest method had no effect on fruit quality characteristics, specifically, soluble solids concentration (SSC), pH, specific gravity, titratable acidity (malic acid equivalents), or percent total tannin, when fruit was pressed immediately after harvest or stored for 2, 3, or 4 weeks before pressing. Juice quality characteristics were affected by storage, and SSC increased 11% in 2011 (3 weeks storage), and 12% and 18% in 2012 (2 and 4 weeks storage, respectively). Similarly, specific gravity increased both years after storage, 1% in 2011, and 1% and 2% in 2012 (a 1% increase in juice specific gravity corresponds to a potential 1.3% increase in alcohol by volume after fermentation for cider). Both years, juice pH tended to decline when fruit was stored (0.01 pH units in 2011, 0.06–0.12 pH units in 2012). Overall, cider apple harvest with an over-the-row small fruit machine harvester used four times less labor than hand harvest, yield reached 87% that of hand harvest (when clean-up yield was included), and juice quality characteristics were not negatively affected. These results suggest that machine harvest may be suitable for cider apples if equipment is available and affordable.

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Cost Estimation of Establishing a Cider Apple Orchard in Western Washington©

Cited by 24 publications

References 2 publications

The Identity Crisis of Hard Cider

The Identity Crisis of Hard Cider

Efficacy of Excision, Cauterization, and Fungicides for Management of Apple Anthracnose Canker in Maritime Climate

Yield, Labor, and Fruit and Juice Quality Characteristics of Machine and Hand-harvested ‘Brown Snout’ Specialty Cider Apple

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