“…Where providers have limited training and rescue medicines are often unavailable, the safety profile for these approaches is greater ( Both local and regional anesthetic techniques are low cost and low technology; they offer achievable proficiency and have a good safety record when basic sterile techniques are employed and key safety steps are observed. Few direct comparisons of local anesthesia versus neuroaxial anesthesia, such as spinal anesthesia, have been performed in LMICs; however, Vaz and others (2010) report no increase in operative time, and significant reductions in recovery room time and immediate postoperative pain, in a group receiving local anesthesia and intravenous sedation for loop colostomy. This technique was cost saving when compared with spinal anesthesia for the same procedure.…”