Cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline serum concentrations in relation to disease and stress in the horse

Ayala, Ignacio; Martos, Nieves; Silván, Gema; Gutiérrez-Panizo, C.; Clavel, José G.; Illera, Juan Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.013

Cited by 92 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Methodologies frequently used to quantify stress in animals include: (1) direct behavioural observations using behaviour scoring systems [44, 53, 58] or automated behaviour recognition video analysis [59, 60], and (2) biomarkers that can reflect the pathophysiological responses to stress [61–63]. There is a tendency to evaluate a panel of various biomarkers representing the different body systems involved: SAM, HPA axis, HPG axis and immune system.…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Stress Studied In Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes, consequences and biomarkers of stress in swine: an update

et al. 2016

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BackgroundIn recent decades there has been a growing concern about animal stress on intensive pig farms due to the undesirable consequences that stress produces in the normal physiology of pigs and its effects on their welfare and general productive performance. This review analyses the most important types of stress (social, environmental, metabolic, immunological and due to human handling), and their biological consequences for pigs. The physio-pathological changes associated with stress are described, as well as the negative effects of stress on pig production. In addition an update of the different biomarkers used for the evaluation of stress is provided. These biomarkers can be classified into four groups according to the physiological system or axis evaluated: sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and immune system.ConclusionsStress it is a process with multifactorial causes and produces an organic response that generates negative effects on animal health and production. Ideally, a panel of various biomarkers should be used to assess and evaluate the stress resulting from diverse causes and the different physiological systems involved in the stress response. We hope that this review will increase the understanding of the stress process, contribute to a better control and reduction of potential stressful stimuli in pigs and, finally, encourage future studies and developments to better monitor, detect and manage stress on pig farms.

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Section: Biomarkers Of Stress Studied In Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes, consequences and biomarkers of stress in swine: an update

et al. 2016

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“…5,10,21 An association has been found between increased plasma 5-HT concentrations and digital hypoperfusion causing laminitis. [4][5][6]21,22 Other research groups have demonstrated serotonin changes in surgical colic cases, 3,13 recurrent airway obstruction, 17 Cushingoid horses, 18 and other acute or chronic disease states. 3 Serotonin plasma levels are also subject to physiological variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of serotonin in equine plasma with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Serotonin is regularly measured in equine platelet-poor plasma in research settings. However, reported reference values vary between studies, partially because plasma serotonin concentrations are very low and a reliable and affordable detection method is lacking. A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for serotonin determination in equine platelet-poor plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. Results of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared to the LC-MS/MS results, in order to validate a test more suitable for use in a clinical situation. For LC-MS/MS, 500 µl of plasma was required, and deuterated serotonin was used as an internal standard. The sample preparation was based upon a simple liquid extraction into ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was performed with an acetic acid-acetonitrile mobile phase gradient elution. Linearity was demonstrated between 3 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml. A limit of quantification of 3 ng/ml was achieved, corresponding to a limit of detection of 0.10 ng/ml. Comparison of LC-MS/MS and ELISA with Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plotting showed a poor agreement between the 2 methods, with an increasing difference within the higher range of measurements. Caution is needed when extrapolating results from sources using different analytical techniques.

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“…General anaesthesia, strenuous exercise, severe illness and severe pain may all increase plasma ACTH however minor illness and low‐grade pain (including some cases of laminitis) appear to have little effect (Hodson et al, 1986; Alexander et al, 1988; Xie et al, 2001; Donaldson et al, 2004; Ayala et al, 2012; Stewart et al, 2012). Where possible it is prudent to avoid sampling around stressful stimuli and if borderline results are obtained in laminitics then follow‐up testing is worthwhile to ascertain whether the increase is due to stress or PPID.…”

Section: Acthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the diagnosis and management of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses

Rendle

2013

Livestock

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While our understanding of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) remains limited a great deal of progress has been made recently in diagnosis and management of the condition. The disease should be considered in all but the youngest horses with laminitis and endocrine testing should be performed. Measurement of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and insulin concentrations are recommended and a follow‐up thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test should be performed if borderline ACTH results are obtained. Pergolide is the only licensed treatment for the condition and the only treatment that is likely to be effective. Horses that are being treated should be monitored clinically and endocrinologically every few months as response to treatment between individuals is variable. The importance of appropriate nutrition and good preventive medicine in horses with PPID cannot be overemphasised.

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Cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline serum concentrations in relation to disease and stress in the horse

Cited by 92 publications

References 29 publications

Causes, consequences and biomarkers of stress in swine: an update

Causes, consequences and biomarkers of stress in swine: an update

Comparative analysis of serotonin in equine plasma with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Update on the diagnosis and management of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses

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