Corticobasal syndrome and Parkinson’s disease at the beginning: asymmetrical patterns of MRI and Blink Reflex for early diagnosis

Abstract

Differential diagnosis between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) could be challenging at the early stage, due to the asymmetric onset of both diseases. Despite the clinical overlap, the anatomical circuits involved in these disorders are different. We evaluated R2 Blink Reflex Recovery Cycle (R2BRRC) and cortical thickness (CTh) in drug-naïve PD and CBS patients for characterizing pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions. Patients with a clinically probable diagnosis of PD and possible CBS were recruited. R2BRRC was evaluated bilaterally at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 100–150–200–300–400–500–750 ms. Asymmetry index (AI) of R2BRRC for each ISI was computed. Patients underwent a structural brain MRI and hemisphere CTh and AI of MRI was calculated. Fourteen drug-naïve PD patients and 10 patients with early CBS diagnosis were enrolled. R2BRRC of PD patients showed an increased brainstem excitability for less affected side (LAS) stimulation at ISIs of 100 and 150 ms (p < 0.001) compared to most affected side (MAS), whereas no differences between LAS and MAS were found in CBS. AI of R2BRRC at ISI-100 ms showed significant difference, being higher in PD. CTh analysis showed significant differences between groups in hemisphere cortical volume contralateral to MAS, and, conversely, AI of MRI was significantly higher in CBS. PD patients exhibited an asymmetric pattern of brainstem excitability, compared to CBS. Conversely, CBS patients showed an asymmetric pattern of cortical atrophy. This opposite pattern of neurophysiological and structural abnormalities involving cortical and subcortical brain structures could highlight the different pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these disorders.