Cortical mapping of active and passive upper limb training in stroke patients and healthy people: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Xia, Weili; Dai, Rongxia; Xu, Xiaoxiao; Huai, Baoyu; Bai, Zhongfei; Zhang, Jiaqi; Jin, Minxia; Niu, Wenxin

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147935

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Animal models in pilot findings also revealed the trends of initial bilateral-activation followed by contralateral-activation after learning (Paz et al, 2005). Similar results were also reported for human subjects studies, for example, Xia et al conducted an investigation based upon upper limb training, and similar hemodynamic changes were found in the sensorimotor cortex (SMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and premotor cortex (PMC) of both patients with stroke and healthy participants during different experimental conditions (Xia et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by a force-control motor training

et al. 2022

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BackgroundNovel motor skills are generally acquired through repetitive practices which are believed to be strongly related to neural plasticity mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by long-term motor training.MethodsAn 8-day participation-control program was conducted. Eighteen right-handed healthy participants were recruited and randomly assigned into the training (12) and control groups (6). The training group were arranged to undergo the 8-day block-designed motor training which required to repeat a visuomotor force-control task. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to continuously monitor the cortical hemodynamic response during training. Two transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measurements were performed before and after training to evaluate the cortical excitability changes. The transfer effects of learning were also investigated.ResultsThe behavior performance was quantified via score execution accuracy to illustrate the fast/slow learning stages as experience cumulated. The cortical hemodynamic activations mapped by fNIRS exhibited a temporal evolution trends that agreed the expansion–renormalization model, which assumed the brain modulation against skill acquisition includes complex mechanisms of neural expansion, selection, and renormalization. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis showed the FC strength was maintained, while the measured homodynamic activation returned to baseline after certain level of skill acquisition. Furthermore, the TMS results demonstrated a significant increase of motor evoked potential (MEP) on the targeted muscle for the trained participants, who significantly outperformed the untrained subjects in learning transfer investigation.ConclusionThe study illustrated the expansion–renormalization trends during continuous motor training, and relative analysis showed the functional connectivity enhancement may be maintained after amplitude renormalization of cortical hemodynamic activations. The TMS findings further gave an implication of neural facilitations on the descending motor pathway when brain activation returned to renormalization status after certain level of learning stages was achieved, and the learning can transfer to enhance the performance while encountering similar tasks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by a force-control motor training

et al. 2022

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“…Mounting evidence has delineated the role of BA4 and BA6 for upper-limb movements against loads [ 8 , 9 ]. BA4 mainly contains the primary motor cortex (M1), which assumes the function of motor execution; BA6 mainly contains the supplementary motor cortex (SMA) and the premotor cortex (PMC), which assume the functions of motor planning and motor learning [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging technology for brain imaging featuring high ecological validity [ 19 ], which makes it suitable for the detection of cortical responses during large-extent movements that may drag the head or trunk [ 20 ]. With regards to upper-limb movements, a recent study showed stronger activation in SMA, PMC, and M1 during voluntary movement compared to passive movement [ 8 ]. In lower-limb movements, fNIRS detected an exercise-induced decrease of deoxygenated hemoglobin in PMC [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Inertia Triggers Linear Responses in Motor Cortices during Large-Extent Movements—A fNIRS Study

et al. 2022

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Activities of daily living consist of accurate, coordinated movements, which require the upper limbs to constantly interact with environmental loads. The magnitude of the load was shown to affect kinematic outcomes in healthy subjects. Moreover, the increase in load facilitates the recovery of motor function in patients with neurological disorders. Although Brodmann Areas 4 and 6 were found to be active during loaded movements, it remains unclear whether stronger activation can be triggered simply by increasing the load magnitude. If such a linear relationship exists, it may provide a basis for the closed-loop adjustment of treatment plans in neurorehabilitation. Fourteen healthy participants were instructed to lift their hands to their armpits. The movements were grouped in blocks of 25 s. Each block was assigned a magnitude of inertial loads, either 0 pounds (bare hand), 3 pounds, or 15 pounds. Hemodynamic fNIRS signals were recorded throughout the experiment. Both channel-wise and ROI-wise analyses found significant activations against all three magnitudes of inertia. The generalized linear model revealed significant increases in the beta coefficient of 0.001673/pound in BA4 and 0.001338/pound in BA6. The linear trend was stronger in BA6 (conditional r2 = 0.9218) than in BA4 (conditional r2 = 0.8323).

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“…There were several limitations that need to be noted in this study. First, only young healthy people were recruited and the findings may not be applied to aging people and neurological patients such as stroke directly ( Xia et al, 2022 ). Zhang and coworkers found that old and younger groups showed a wide range of bilateral activation in the motor cortex ( Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlations between kinematic profiles and cerebral hemodynamics suggest changes of motor coordination in single and bilateral finger movement

Zhou

Chen

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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ObjectiveThe correlation between the performance of coordination movement and brain activity is still not fully understood. The current study aimed to identify activated brain regions and brain network connectivity changes for several coordinated finger movements with different difficulty levels and to correlate the brain hemodynamics and connectivity with kinematic performance.MethodsTwenty-one right-dominant-handed subjects were recruited and asked to complete circular motions of single and bilateral fingers in the same direction (in-phase, IP) and in opposite directions (anti-phase, AP) on a plane. Kinematic data including radius and angular velocity at each task and synchronized blood oxygen concentration data using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded covering six brain regions including the prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, and occipital lobes. A general linear model was used to locate activated brain regions, and changes compared with baseline in blood oxygen concentration were used to evaluate the degree of brain region activation. Small-world properties, clustering coefficients, and efficiency were used to measure information interaction in brain activity during the movement.ResultIt was found that the radius error of the dominant hand was significantly lower than that of the non-dominant hand (p < 0.001) in both clockwise and counterclockwise movements. The fNIRS results confirmed that the contralateral brain region was activated during single finger movement and the dominant motor area was activated in IP movement, while both motor areas were activated simultaneously in AP movement. The Δhbo were weakly correlated with radius errors (p = 0.002). Brain information interaction in IP movement was significantly larger than that from AP movement in the brain network (p < 0.02) in the right prefrontal cortex. Brain activity in the right motor cortex reduces motor performance (p < 0.001), while the right prefrontal cortex region promotes it (p < 0.05).ConclusionOur results suggest there was a significant correlation between motion performance and brain activation level, as well as between motion deviation and brain functional connectivity. The findings may provide a basis for further exploration of the operation of complex brain networks.

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Cortical mapping of active and passive upper limb training in stroke patients and healthy people: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Cited by 25 publications

References 47 publications

The learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by a force-control motor training

The learning-relative hemodynamic modulation of cortical plasticity induced by a force-control motor training

Increased Inertia Triggers Linear Responses in Motor Cortices during Large-Extent Movements—A fNIRS Study

The correlations between kinematic profiles and cerebral hemodynamics suggest changes of motor coordination in single and bilateral finger movement

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