Corrosion of stainless steel in flowing PbLi eutectic

TBM testing in ITER: Requirements for the development of predictive tools to describe corrosion-related phenomena in HCLL blankets towards DEMO

“…First compatibly tests were performed under static conditions or in convectional loops. Near 1985 first results are reported on corrosion behavior of AISI 304 and AISI 316L steel in a small pumped Pb-17Li loop, e.g., by Borgstedt [1]. Also other groups built up activities in the field of corrosion analyses during that time [2][3][4], however corrosion testing was in the beginning limited to moderate temperatures near 400 • C. The corrosion mechanism was described as a leaching-out process, preferably of Ni, with linear kinetics and that austenitic surface scales were converted to porous ferritic ones [2].…”

“…Looking on the data, e.g., [1,3,5,7] concerning mass loss of RAFM steels in Pb-15.7Li, a valuable source may exist at least at turbulent flow conditions. In contrast, data for Eurofer at laminar flow (near 1 mm/s) have to be confirmed, too.…”

“…Rather soon in the 1990 empirically based tools were developed to compare corrosion results of small samples coming from different labs and test facilities [1,4,6]. Corrosion testing in PICOLO [9,10] confirmed for turbulent conditions such empirically set up correlations.…”

Status of Research and Development of the Lead-Alloy-Cooled Fast Reactor

“…66) This trend is reversed above 750 • C, where the low-chromium steels are more resistant to corrosion. Low-carbon steels suffer moderate penetration in static tests, and their usefulness in a flow system is probably limited to temperatures below 450 • C. Nickel and nickelcontaining alloys, such as austenitic steels, are unsatisfactory containment materials for liquid Pb-alloys at temperatures above 500 • C. 3,[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] This conclusion is attributed to the preferential dissolution of the nickel from the steel into the molten Pb and it's the nickel's subsequent precipitation in VOL. 40, NO.…”

Determination of Trace Elements in Lead and Lead-based Alloys by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry After Separation of Lead as Lead Chloride Fluoride Precipitate

“…Lead-bismuth eutectic (PbBi) is a potential candidate material for spallation target and coolant in accelerator-driven systems (ADS) (4,5). Similarly, leadlithium eutectic (PbLi) is proposed for use as multiplier, breeder, and coolant in fusion reactors (6)(7)(8). The presence of impurities limits their utility, and hence, it is important to determine trace elements present in these materials as a quality check.…”