“…Only a minority of definitions (Blaya et al, 2020;Blaya & Audrin, 2019;Räsänen et al, 2016;Wachs et al, 2021a) considered the harmfulness of hate speech in terms of a given community or social group (e.g., disintegration of social cohesion, advocacy of hatred, rejection, violence, or hostility). The idea that the perpetration of hate speech could have positive effects such as benefitting one's in-group (by attracting new members, through in-out-grouping dynamics, building of group identities, or enforcing vertical group relations) was prevalent in only four definitions (Blaya & Audrin, 2019;Lehmann, 2020;Vaught, 2012;Wachs et al, 2021a). Aspects of perpetration that refer to a person-centered basis of hate speech behaviorsuch as prejudice, bias, a devaluating attitude, hatred, or, most often, the purpose, aim or intention to harm-were mentioned in nine definitions (Blaya et al, 2020;Blaya & Audrin, 2019;Oksanen et al, 2014;Räsänen et al, 2016;Vaught, 2012;Wachs et al, 2019Wachs et al, , 2021a.…”