Correlation of retinopathy of prematurity with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are diseases that occur only in preterm infants. The etiology of these disorders is multifactorial; however, it is believed that some of the factors in children presenting with BPD affect both the initiation and severity of ROP. The aim of the study was to evaluate the degree of clinical severity of ROP in infants with BPD compared to those without BPD.</jats:p><jats:sec id="j_med-2018-0012_s_005_w2aab3b8d135b1b7b1aab1c15b2Aa"><jats:title>Methodology</jats:title><jats:p>Infants were divided into two groups: the BPD+ study group and BPD- control group. Parameters including the incidence of ROP and its severity were compared.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="j_med-2018-0012_s_006_w2aab3b8d135b1b7b1aab1c15b3Aa"><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>In neonates with BPD, more severe forms of ROP occurred significantly more frequently than in infants without BPD. Newborns with BPD required significantly longer use of mechanical ventilation; moreover, the number of days in which the concentration of oxygen in the respiratory mixture exceeded 50% was greater in BPD+ children . Children with BPD also received more blood transfusions compared to children without BPD.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="j_med-2018-0012_s_007_w2aab3b8d135b1b7b1aab1c15b4Aa"><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Newborns in the BPD+ study group showed advanced stages of ROP more often than newborns in the BPD- control group. The etiology of ROP and BPD is multifactorial; however, our findings suggest oxygen plays a significant role in the development of these diseases.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Speed of Retinal Vascularization in Retinopathy of Prematurity: Risk and Protective Factors

“…Holmström et al showed that BPD precedes ROP and acts as a risk factor for its development and severity [20]. Other authors support this theory since premature infants with BPD require oxygen therapy, which may increase the incidence of ROP [21–24]. These results are consistent with other researches confirming that long-term mechanical ventilation and/or CPAP are risk factors for the development of severe forms of ROP [15, 25, 26].…”

Cumulative evidence for association of sepsis and retinopathy of prematurity

“…[56,57] Moreover, infants with intrauterine infection after birth always have a worse respiratory condition, which is typically treated with a higher concentration of oxygen and more advanced mechanical ventilation (such as invasive mechanical ventilation), which also increases the likelihood of ROP occurrence. [58,59] On the contrary, we found that the association of fungal sepsis with ROP was stronger than that of bacterial sepsis. In terms of the etiology of fungal sepsis, of the 7 studies included, 5 studies involved Candida sepsis.…”

Correlation between serum transforming growth factor β1, interleukin‑6 and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

“…NRDS is mainly characterized by respiratory failure and progressive dyspnea shortly after birth (16). The occurrence of RDS is mainly related to the long-term injury of respiratory epithelial cells and insufficient secretion of surfactant in alveolar epithelium.…”