Correlation between olfactory function, trigeminal sensitivity, and nasal anatomy in healthy subjects

Masala, Carla; Kaehling, C; Fall, F; Hummel, Thomas

doi:10.1007/s00405-019-05367-y

Cited by 32 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our study demonstrated that the longitudinal deterioration in cognition was associated with the poor odor identification. This result is in keeping with that of a previous study that odor identification seems to be more associated to cognitive central pathways connecting to the orbitofrontal cortex, piriform cortex, and amygdala, while odor threshold is related to individual differences of the nasal cavity (Masala et al, 2019). While the value of olfactory dysfunction as a biomarker for other NMSs is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study

Zhao

et al. 2020

Front. Neurosci.

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Background and Objective:Olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia) is an important non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). To investigate the potential prognostic value of hyposmia as a marker for disease progression, we prospectively assessed clinical manifestations and longitudinal changes of hyposmic PD patients and normosmic ones.MethodsOlfactory function was evaluated with the Sniffin’ Sticks in PD patients at baseline. One hundred five hyposmic PD patients and 59 normosmic PD patients were enrolled and followed up for 2 years. They were subsequently evaluated at baseline and during follow-up periods with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. Clinical manifestations and disease progressions were compared between hyposmic and normosmic patients. In addition, the relationship between disease progressions and olfactory function was analyzed.ResultsOur study suggested that hyposmic PD patients and normosmic ones were similar in gender, age, education levels, age of onset, disease duration, and clinical features at baseline. Hyposmic PD patients exhibited more severe Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part II–III (UPDRS II-III) scores, higher levodopa equivalent dose (LED) needs, and poorer Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at follow-up visits compared to those in normosmic PD patients. Hyposmia also showed greater rates in the increase of LED needs, improvement of UPDRS III score, and deterioration of MMSE score. Both improvement of UPDRS III score and decline of MMSE score were associated with poorer odor identification.ConclusionOur prospective study demonstrated that hyposmic PD patients showed a relatively worse clinical course compared with normosmic patients. Olfactory dysfunction is a useful predictor of disease progression.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study

Zhao

et al. 2020

Front. Neurosci.

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“…As a further confirmation, our multivariate linear regression analyses, using gustatory and olfactory function as independent variables, showed that only an impairment in OT and sweet perception play a significant role on body weight in PD patients. A possible explanation for the correlation between OT and body weight could be due to the different pathway of activation for OT, OI and OD, in view of the fact that OT could be due to individual differences of the nasal cavity [30], while OI and OD are usually associated to cognitive central pathways connecting orbitofrontal cortex, piriform cortex and amygdale. Similarly, in healthy controls a significant positive correlation between BMI and OT, but not for OI and OD, was found [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin Sticks test (Burghart Messtechnik, Wedel, Germany) that considers three olfactory tasks, odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) [16,[28][29][30][31]. Participants were instructed to drink only water 1 h before the experiment, and to avoid smoking and scented products on the testing day.…”

Section: Olfactory Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Motor Symptoms on Body Weight in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

et al. 2020

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Background: Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are often associated with a negative impact on the patients' quality of life and on their weight regulation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, apathy, fatigue, depression, and motor symptoms on weight regulation in PD patients. Methods: We analyzed 112 participants, 63 PD patients (mean age ± SD: 69.2 ± 10.1), and 49 controls (mean age ± SD: 68 ± 9.6). For each participant we collected age, weight, height, BMI, olfactory and gustatory function, cognitive performance, apathy and fatigue. Results: Our data showed that 61.9% (n = 39) of PD patients had hyposmia, while 38.1% (n = 24) had anosmia. In PD patients, we observed a significant effect of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), apathy, odor threshold, sweet perception and fatigue on weight regulation. Instead, there was no significant effect for depression and levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD). Conclusion: Our results suggest that PD non-motor symptoms such as olfactory/gustatory deficits and mood disorders may influence body weight.Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 218 2 of 10 function has been observed [13,14]. Subjects with olfactory dysfunction typically show problems with food intake, reduced enjoyment in social life and become more prone to apathy and depression [15].The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, apathy, fatigue, depression and motor symptoms on body weight in PD patients. Materials and Methods PatientsWe evaluated 112 participants (57 men and 55 women) in this study, 63 PD patients (mean age ± SD, 69.2 ± 10.1) and 49 healthy controls (mean age ± SD, 68 ± 9.6). In this study, 12 patients from our previous studies [16,17] were enrolled. Data collection started from September 2018 to October 2019 and further participants were recruited at the Movement Disorders Center of the University of Cagliari during regular out-patient follow-up examination. PD was diagnosed according to Gelb criteria [18] and United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria [19].Controls were identified among relatives of non-Parkinsonian patients attending the out-patient department during the same period without evidence of any neurological disease. Exclusion criteria were atypical Parkinsonism, dementia, psychiatric conditions interfering with study participation, and chronic/acute rhinosinusitis. In order to evaluate weight differences between patients and controls all participants were divided into two age groups: 45-65 years (n = 44), and ≥ 66 years (n = 68).

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“…This can be explained by the fact that odor discrimination and identification rely, to a greater extent than odor threshold, on higher brain centers, such as the piriform, entorhinal, orbitofrontal cortices and the amygdala (Rahayel et al, 2012;Sohrabi et al, 2012;Quarmley et al, 2017), therefore indicating a more complex processing for their execution. On the contrary, odor threshold performance is mainly associated with peripheral olfactory stimuli as perceived by the olfactory receptors placed in the nasal neuroepithelium (Doty et al, 1994;Atanasova et al, 2008) and is susceptible to changes in the anatomy of the nasal cavity and clogging of the cribriform plate which occurs naturally with aging (Damm et al, 2002;Doty and Kamath, 2014;Masala et al, 2019).…”

Section: Olfactory Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smell, an Underrated Early Biomarker for Brain Aging

Brai

Hummel²,

Albèri

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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Olfaction is in addition to touch the most ancient of our senses, developing already in the womb it decays progressively from 65 years of age with a more pronounced impairment associated with dementia. Despite its clinical relevance and testing accessibility, smell remains an overlooked biomarker, which is rarely used by neurologists in the early screening phase. In this perspective article, we outline the reasons underlying the lack of awareness for this sense. In an attempt to put olfaction forward as an early biomarker for pathological brain aging, we draw a comparison with vision and hearing, regarded as more relevant for general health. This perspective article wants to encourage further studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms responsible for the early smell dysfunction in individuals a decade or more before the onset of cognitive symptoms.

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Correlation between olfactory function, trigeminal sensitivity, and nasal anatomy in healthy subjects

Cited by 32 publications

References 36 publications

Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study

Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study

Effect of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Motor Symptoms on Body Weight in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Smell, an Underrated Early Biomarker for Brain Aging

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