2018
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8913-9
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Abstract: Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually considered as a movement disorder, it is strongly associated with non-motor symptoms (NMS), including smell and taste dysfunctions, cognitive impairment, apathy, fatigue, and autonomic dysregulation. Olfactory deficit is considered the most common NMS in PD preceding the motor symptoms for years. The aim of this study was to investigate olfactory function, cognitive impairment, apathy, and fatigue in patients with PD in comparison with healthy controls, and subseque… Show more

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Cited by 63 publications
(60 citation statements)
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“…Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin Sticks test (Burghart Messtechnik, Wedel, Germany) that considers three olfactory tasks, odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) [16,[28][29][30][31]. Participants were instructed to drink only water 1 h before the experiment, and to avoid smoking and scented products on the testing day.…”
Section: Olfactory Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin Sticks test (Burghart Messtechnik, Wedel, Germany) that considers three olfactory tasks, odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) [16,[28][29][30][31]. Participants were instructed to drink only water 1 h before the experiment, and to avoid smoking and scented products on the testing day.…”
Section: Olfactory Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Participants were instructed to drink only water 1 h before the experiment, and to avoid smoking and scented products on the testing day. Sniffin Sticks are pen-like odor-dispensing devices and the complete procedure lasted 30-40 min [16,29]. Each pen (length of 14 cm and an inner diameter of 1.3 cm) was positioned at approximately 2 cm in front of both participants' nostrils for a few seconds.…”
Section: Olfactory Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The broader role of dopamine in the CNS suggests that other phenotypes could be affected in PD, such as pain (Lin et al, 2017), daytime sleepiness (Rissling et al, 2006), and apathy (Cramer et al, 2010;Hong et al, 2015;Masala et al, 2018), all of which are very frequent symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients as reported in previous studies. Although PD patients harboring COMT rs4680 seemed to have a reduced risk of developing depression, the minor COMT rs4680 and TH rs6356 alleles exerted a protective effect on cognitive function in PD patients, and DBH rs1611115 tended to increase the risk for impaired cognition in PD in the subgroup analysis.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 74%
“…Perhaps we need more patients for further study. Studies show that olfactory dysfunction has a certain relationship with cognitive decline (32,33), and olfactory dysfunction can even be regarded as an early marker of cognitive decline (34,35). A study shows that patients with PD-MCI exhibit atrophy in the right entorhinal cortex compared to PD-NC (36).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%