Correlates of the duration of the egg collecting phase in the three‐spined stickleback

Kraak, Sarah; Bakker, Theo C. M.; Mundwiler, Beat

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00856.x

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…One has to realize, however, that males guarded only one clutch in the experiment, which is on the low end of the natural range. In the wild, males often collect several clutches from different females, thus a nest might contain more than thousand eggs (Kynard 1978;Kraak et al 1999a;Bakker et al 2006b). In teleost fishes, small broods face a higher risk of being cannibalized (Ochi 1985;Schwank 1986;Forsgren et al 1996;Okuda & Yanagisawa 1996;Lindströ m & Sargent 1997;Lissåker & Svensson 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To be able to distinguish the eggs of different females, either foreign or own eggs, in alternated order between experiments, were dyed slightly blue by placing them in a solution of Alcian blue (2 g 100 ml 21 ) for 30 min (Kraak et al 1997). In several previous studies, this method did not influence egg survival or cannibalistic behaviour (Kraak et al 1997(Kraak et al , 1999aFrommen et al 2007). Afterwards, eggs were placed back into a male's nest, which was carefully repaired.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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To eat or not to eat: egg-based assessment of paternity triggers fine-tuned decisions about filial cannibalism

et al. 2010

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Filial cannibalism occurs in many animal species ranging from insects to mammals, and is especially well described in teleost fishes. Numerous causes may lead to this behaviour, e.g. certainty of paternity. However, the cues males use to assess their paternity often remain unknown. One possible way to differentiate between own and foreign offspring is by using egg cues. Nevertheless, in egg-laying species, evidence for this is still scarce. In this study, male three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a fish with paternal care in which sneaking as well as filial cannibalism is common, were allowed to care for manipulated nests that contained different percentages of own fertilized eggs. After 7 days, embryo survival was determined. Furthermore, brood-caring as well as aggressive behaviour was measured daily. Clutches containing a higher proportion of foreign eggs were more likely to be completely cannibalized than clutches containing a lower proportion of foreign eggs, particularly when the clutch was laid early in the breeding season. However, the behavioural observations revealed no influence of paternity. The results show that paternity triggers filial cannibalism in sticklebacks and that males are able to evaluate their paternity using egg cues alone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To eat or not to eat: egg-based assessment of paternity triggers fine-tuned decisions about filial cannibalism

et al. 2010

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“…Certain individual and territory qualities increase reproductive success, including large body size and nesting in deep water (Kraak et al 1999a). After a female spawns, she leaves the territory and the male provides all of the parental care; males continue to court females to obtain more eggs for up to three days after the first spawning (Kraak et al 1999b). During the incubation period (approximately 6 days in the population studied here), males “fan” the eggs with the pectoral fins, providing oxygen and clearing carbon dioxide (Wootton 1984) and remove rotten eggs and debris.…”

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confidence: 99%

Consistent individual differences in paternal behavior: a field study of three-spined stickleback

Stein

Bell

2014

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Consistent individual differences in parenting are widespread; however, we know little about why there is variation in parenting behavior among individuals within species. One possible explanation for consistent individual differences in parenting is that individuals invest in different aspects of parental care, such as provisioning or defense. In this field study we measured consistent individual differences in parenting behavior and evaluated correlations between parenting and other behaviors in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We repeatedly measured male parenting behavior and male behavior in the presence of three different types of live intruders: a female, a conspecific male, and a predator, meant to provoke courtship, aggressive and antipredator behavior, respectively. While males plastically adjusted their reactions to different types of intruders, we found consistent individual differences in behavior (behavioral types) both within and across contexts, even after accounting for variation in body size and nest characteristics. Males that performed more parenting behavior responded faster to all types of intruders. These results suggest that in nature, individual male stickleback exhibit robust parental behavioral types, and highly parental males are more attentive to their surroundings. Future studies are needed to examine the potential causes of individual variation in parental behavior in the field.

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“…Distances among nests within the pool were measured to the nearest centimeter and mapped. Following the end of the egg-collecting phase, which typically last between two to six days (Jamieson et al 1992;Kraak et al 1999a), territorial males were captured with a hand net. Sampling was done 15 days after flooding, as previous data showed that the egg-collecting phase of the male breeding cycle, which starts just after the flood, is over by then (Fitzgerald 1983).…”

Section: Study Site and Field Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nest location is thought to influence the predation risk affecting both the embryos and the guarding male (FitzGerald 1983;Mori 1994;Kraak et al 1999a). Based on findings of a sexual dimorphism where males had larger pectoral fins then females and considering that pectoral fins are used in parental care, several authors suggested that this trait could also be involved in mate choice (Brønseth and Folstad 1997;Bakker and Mundwiler 1999;Kü nzler and Bakker 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Effects of Female Mate Choice in Wild Threespine Sticklebacks

2004

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Sexual selection by mate choice represents a very important selective pressure in many animal species and might have evolutionary impacts beyond exaggeration of secondary sexual traits. Describing the shape and strength of the relationships linking mating success and nonsexual traits in natural conditions represents a challenging step in our understanding of adaptive evolution. We studied the effect of behavioral (nest site choice), immunological (trematode level of infection), genetic diversity (measured by mean d2) and morphological (standard length and pectoral fin size) traits on male mating success in a natural population of threespine sticklebacks Gasterosteaus aculeatus. Male mating success was measured by microsatellite genotyping of embryos used to infer female genotypes. First, we analyzed all territorial males (full analysis) but also considered independently only males with a nonzero mating success (reduced analysis) because some of the males with no eggs could have been part of a later breeding cycle. Multiple linear regressions identified a significant negative effect of parasite load in the full analysis, whereas no linear effect was found in the reduced analysis. The quadratic analyses revealed that nest location and parasite load were significantly related to mating success by positive (concave selection) and negative (convex selection) quadratic coefficients respectively, resulting in a saddle-shaped fitness surface. Moreover, there were significant interactions between nest location, mean d2 and parasite load in the reduced analysis. The subsequent canonical rotation of the matrix of quadratic and cross-product terms identified two major axes of the response surface: a vector representing mostly nest site choice and a vector representing parasite load. These results imply that there exists more than one way for a male threespine stickleback to maximize its mating success and that such nonlinear relationships between male mating success induced by female mate choice and male characteristics might have been overlooked in many studies.

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Correlates of the duration of the egg collecting phase in the three‐spined stickleback

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

To eat or not to eat: egg-based assessment of paternity triggers fine-tuned decisions about filial cannibalism

To eat or not to eat: egg-based assessment of paternity triggers fine-tuned decisions about filial cannibalism

Consistent individual differences in paternal behavior: a field study of three-spined stickleback

Nonlinear Effects of Female Mate Choice in Wild Threespine Sticklebacks

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