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Lysine acetylation (LysAc) is a conserved and important post-translational modification (PTM) that plays a key role in plant physiological and metabolic processes. Based on advances in Lys-acetylated protein immunoenrichment and mass-spectrometric technology, LysAc proteomics studies have been performed in many species. Such studies have made substantial contributions to our understanding of plant LysAc, revealing that Lys-acetylated histones and nonhistones are involved in a broad spectrum of plant cellular processes. Here, we present an extensive overview of recent research on plant Lys-acetylproteomes. We provide in-depth insights into the characteristics of plant LysAc modifications and the mechanisms by which LysAc participates in cellular processes and regulates metabolism and physiology during plant growth and development. First, we summarize the characteristics of LysAc, including the properties of Lys-acetylated sites, the motifs that flank Lys-acetylated lysines, and the dynamic alterations in LysAc among different tissues and developmental stages. We also outline a map of Lys-acetylated proteins in the Calvin–Benson cycle and central carbon metabolism–related pathways. We then introduce some examples of the regulation of plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses by LysAc. We discuss the interaction between LysAc and N α -terminal acetylation and the crosstalk between LysAc and other PTMs, including phosphorylation and succinylation. Finally, we propose recommendations for future studies in the field. We conclude that LysAc of proteins plays an important role in the regulation of the plant life cycle.
Lysine acetylation (LysAc) is a conserved and important post-translational modification (PTM) that plays a key role in plant physiological and metabolic processes. Based on advances in Lys-acetylated protein immunoenrichment and mass-spectrometric technology, LysAc proteomics studies have been performed in many species. Such studies have made substantial contributions to our understanding of plant LysAc, revealing that Lys-acetylated histones and nonhistones are involved in a broad spectrum of plant cellular processes. Here, we present an extensive overview of recent research on plant Lys-acetylproteomes. We provide in-depth insights into the characteristics of plant LysAc modifications and the mechanisms by which LysAc participates in cellular processes and regulates metabolism and physiology during plant growth and development. First, we summarize the characteristics of LysAc, including the properties of Lys-acetylated sites, the motifs that flank Lys-acetylated lysines, and the dynamic alterations in LysAc among different tissues and developmental stages. We also outline a map of Lys-acetylated proteins in the Calvin–Benson cycle and central carbon metabolism–related pathways. We then introduce some examples of the regulation of plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses by LysAc. We discuss the interaction between LysAc and N α -terminal acetylation and the crosstalk between LysAc and other PTMs, including phosphorylation and succinylation. Finally, we propose recommendations for future studies in the field. We conclude that LysAc of proteins plays an important role in the regulation of the plant life cycle.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) is able to infect many economically important crops and thus causes substantial losses in the global agricultural economy. Pst DC3000 can be divided into virulent lines and avirulent lines. For instance, the pathogen effector avrRPM1 of avirulent line Pst-avrRpm1 (Pst DC3000 avrRpm1) can be recognized and detoxified by the plant. To further compare the pathogenicity mechanisms of virulent and avirulent Pst DC3000, a comprehensive analysis of the acetylome and succinylome in Arabidopsis thaliana was conducted following infection with virulent line Pst DC3000 and avirulent line Pst-avrRpm1. In this study, a total of 1625 acetylated proteins encompassing 3423 distinct acetylation sites were successfully identified. Additionally, 229 succinylated proteins with 527 unique succinylation sites were detected. A comparison of these modification profiles between plants infected with Pst DC3000 and Pst-avrRpm1 revealed significant differences. Specifically, modification sites demonstrated inconsistencies, with a variance of up to 10% compared to the control group. Moreover, lysine acetylation (Kac) and lysine succinylation (Ksu) displayed distinct preferences in their modification patterns. Lysine acetylation is observed to exhibit a tendency towards up-regulation in Arabidopsis infected with Pst-avrRpm1. Conversely, the disparity in the number of Ksu up-regulated and down-regulated sites was not as pronounced. Motif enrichment analysis disclosed that acetylation modification sequences are relatively conserved, and regions rich in polar acidic/basic and non-polar hydrophobic amino acids are hotspots for acetylation modifications. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially modified proteins are primarily enriched in the photosynthesis pathway, particularly in relation to light-capturing proteins. In conclusion, this study provides an insightful profile of the lysine acetylome and succinylome in A. thaliana infected with virulent and avirulent lines of Pst DC3000. Our findings revealed the potential impact of these post-translational modifications (PTMs) on the physiological functions of the host plant during pathogen infection. This study offers valuable insights into the complex interactions between plant pathogens and their hosts, laying the groundwork for future research on disease resistance and pathogenesis mechanisms.
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