Correcting for measurement error in detecting unconscious cognition: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998).

Klauer, Karl Christoph; Greenwald, Anthony G.; Draine, Sean C.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.127.3.318

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…For present purposes, intercepts reliably above zero are evidence that ERPs discriminated on the basis of category, when the behavioral response did not. Dosher (1998) and Klauer, Greenwald, and Draine (1998) have raised a different point concerning the measurements. A theoretical assumption underlying regression calculations is that the predictor is without measurement error.…”

Section: Regression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic processing without conscious identification: Evidence from event-related potentials.

Stenberg¹,

Lindgren²,

Johansson³

et al. 2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Three event-related potential (ERP) experiments examined whether semantic content can be accessed from visually presented words that cannot be consciously identified. Category labels were shown to participants, followed by masked, briefly exposed words that were either exemplars of the category or not exemplars. The task was to verify the category, by guessing if necessary, and to identify the word, naming it if possible. Exposure durations were selected to allow identification in approximately half the trials. For identified words, there was a marked difference in the ERP response between in-category and out-ofcategory words because of an N400 component. For unidentified words, there was a similar although smaller difference. Conscious identification was defined using a variety of approaches: verbal report, 6-altemative forced choice, and binary categorization (in the context of the regression method; A. G. Greenwald, M. R. Klinger, & E. S. Schuh, 1995). By any definition, ERPs for unidentified words showed evidence of semantic processing. In addition, there were differences in the neuronal populations recruited to process above-threshold versus below-threshold words, suggesting qualitative differences.Perception of stimuli under severely data-limited conditions has been studied throughout the history of experimental psychology, and a number of early studies (reviewed by Adams, 1957) showed that participants performed at levels exceeding chance while expressing very low subjective confidence in their perceptions. The dissociation between a direct measure of aware perception, such as a verbal report, and a different measure, such as a forced guess (which is purportedly sensitive to unconscious processing), has remained a focus of research interest. Whereas the early studies often focused on sensory judgments about nonsymbolic stimuli such as weights and lines, Marcel and others (

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Section: Regression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic processing without conscious identification: Evidence from event-related potentials.

Stenberg¹,

Lindgren²,

Johansson³

et al. 2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Such slope "flattening" will artifactually elevate the y-intercept when the true underlying slope and direct mean are positive, possibly producing spurious results. Although Klauer, Greenwald, and Draine (1998) have proposed corrective procedures, these modifications may not be sufficient (see Dosher, 1998;and especially Miller, 2000; but see also Klauer & Greenwald, 2000).…”

Section: The Regression Approach To the Null Sensitivity Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence

Snodgrass

Bernat

Shevrin

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

152

156

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Unconscious perceptual effects remain controversial because it is hard to rule out alternative conscious perception explanations for them. We present a novel methodological framework, stressing the centrality of specifying the single-process conscious perception model (i.e., the null hypothesis). Various considerations, including those of SDT (Macmillan & Creelman, 1991), suggest that conscious perception functions hierarchically, in such a way that higher level effects (e.g., semantic priming) should not be possible without lower level discrimination (i.e., detection and identification). Relatedly, alternative conscious perception accounts (as well as the exhaustiveness, null sensitivity, and exclusiveness problems- Reingold & Merikle, 1988) predict positive relationships between direct and indirect measures. Contrariwise, our review suggests that negative and/or nonmonotonic relationships are found, providing strong evidence for unconscious perception and further suggesting that conscious and unconscious perceptual influences are functionally exclusive (cf. Jones, 1987), in such a way that the former typically override the latter when both are present. Consequently, unconscious perceptual effects manifest reliably only when conscious perception is completely absent, which occurs at the objective detection (but not identification) threshold.

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“…However, these weak positive intercepts could also have been statistical artifacts resulting from measurement error in the regression predictor. This artifact possibility can be evaluated with an errors in variables method (Klauer, Draine, & Greenwald, 1998; Klauer, Greenwald, & Draine, 1998) that adjusts estimates of both regression slope and intercept for measurement error in the predictor. Before this adjustment, the four intercepts were 0.158, 0.088, 0.053, and 0.045).…”

Section: Series 2 (Conscious Conditioning) Methods and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intuitively, this simulation feature maps onto an assumption that (a) when true visibility or true contingency awareness is totally absent, observed visibility or awareness scores are purely error variance, and (b) this error component should decrease to zero as these latent measures achieve maximum values. The first ten data sets produced by the simulation script that incorporated these features were saved for analyses that are described in this article; these analyses used the errors-in-variables adjustment method described by Klauer, Draine, and Greenwald (1998) and Klauer, Greenwald, and Draine (1998).…”

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning.

Greenwald¹,

Houwer²

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Unpronounceable strings of 4 consonants (conditioned stimuli: CSs) were consistently followed by familiar words belonging to one of two opposed semantic categories (unconditioned stimuli: USs). Conditioning, in the form of greater accuracy in rapidly classifying USs into their categories, was found when visually imperceptible (to most subjects) CSs occupied ≥ 58 ms of a 75-ms CS–US interval. When clearly visible CSs were presented in a 375 ms CS–US interval, conditioning was strongly correlated with measures of contingency awareness, and did not occur in the absence of that awareness. These experiments delineated two forms of conditioning: Unconscious conditioning occurred with a brief CS–US interval, with an effectively masked CS, and with no reportable knowledge of the contingent CS–US relation. Conscious conditioning occurred with a substantially longer CS–US interval, a perceptible CS, and with subjects’ reportable knowledge of the contingent CS–US relation.

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Correcting for measurement error in detecting unconscious cognition: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998).

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Semantic processing without conscious identification: Evidence from event-related potentials.

Semantic processing without conscious identification: Evidence from event-related potentials.

Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence

Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning.

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