“…The operational definition of variables is explained based on relevant concepts and theories, with the aim of not causing different perceptions. The variables referred to in this study are capital structure proxied by short-term debt, long-term debt, and total debt (Alipour et al, 2015;Bolarinwa & Adegboye, 2020;Feng et al, 2020;Guizani & Ajmi, 2021;Tse & Rodgers, 2014). Factors commonly used in testing capital structure theories such as profitability, firm growth, firm size, tangibility, non-debt tax shield (NTDS) were used in this study (Ajay & Madhumathi, 2015;Al-Ajmi et al, 2009;Bajaj et al, 2020;Bukair, 2019;Elvin & Hamid, 2016;Fekadu, 2020;Ghosh, 2018;Haron, 2016;Rani et al, 2019;Sheikh & Qureshi, 2017;Toumi, 2019).…”