Coronavirus in Continuous Flux: From SARS‐CoV to SARS‐CoV‐2

Dong, Yetian; Dai, Tong; Li, Jun; Zhang, Long; Zhou, Fangfang

doi:10.1002/advs.202001474

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the S protein to bind to the main receptor ACE2 on the host-cell surface and enters the host cell through membrane fusion with the help of furin and type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) or cathepsin L, 12 which is a crucial process of infection. The Omicron variant shares a similar process of infection but is more contagious than previous variants.…”

Section: Infectivity and Transmissibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives

Fan

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

415

282

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Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been a few variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), one of which is the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). The Omicron variant is the most mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant, and its high transmissibility and immune evasion ability have raised global concerns. Owing to its enhanced transmissibility, Omicron has rapidly replaced Delta as the dominant variant in several regions. However, recent studies have shown that the Omicron variant exhibits reduced pathogenicity due to altered cell tropism. In addition, Omicron exhibits significant resistance to the neutralizing activity of vaccines, convalescent serum, and most antibody therapies. In the present review, recent advances in the molecular and clinical characteristics of the infectivity, pathogenicity, and immune evasion of Omicron variant was summarized, and potential therapeutic applications in response to Omicron infection were discussed. Furthermore, we highlighted potential response to future waves and strategies to end the pandemic.

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Section: Infectivity and Transmissibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives

Fan

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

415

282

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Such a late increase agrees with expectations because IL-10 is well known to support resolution of inflammation and tissue repair and to protect from tissue damage in autoimmune diseases ( 78 , 79 ) including lung damage as set out below. Notably, the lack of an increase in IL-10 in SARS-CoV infection has been suggested to contribute to immune-mediated lung damage early on ( 75 ) and, more recently, to the higher frequency of fatal aggravation of lung injury in SARS compared to COVID-19 ( 80 ).…”

Section: Il-10 In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung Protection vs. Infection Resolution: Interleukin 10 Suspected of Double-Dealing in COVID-19

et al. 2021

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The pathological processes by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that make the virus a major threat to global health are insufficiently understood. Inefficient viral clearance at any stage is a hallmark of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Disease severity is associated with increases in peripheral blood cytokines among which interleukin 10 (IL-10) increases particularly early and independent of patient age, which is not seen in active SARS-CoV infection. Here, we consider the known multi-faceted immune regulatory role of IL-10, both in protecting the lung from injury and in defense against infections, as well as its potential cellular source. While the absence of an IL-10 response in SARS is thought to contribute to early deterioration, we suspect IL-10 to protect the lung from early immune-mediated damage and to interfere with viral clearance in COVID-19. This may further both viral spread and poor outcome in many high-risk patients. Identifying the features of the viral genotype, which specifically underlie the different IL-10 dynamics as an etiological endotype and the different viral load kinetics and outcomes as clinical phenotype, may unveil a new immune evasive strategy of SARS-CoV-2.

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“…Similar to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 gains entry into the target cells through viral S protein and host ACE-2 interaction. Priming of the viral S protein through proteolytic cleavage with host serine protease TMPRSS2 is also known to be important for viral entry ( 61 , 62 ). ACE-2 is known to be abundantly expressed in many tissues, including small intestines, kidneys, and cardiac muscles ( 63 ).…”

Section: Developing Dna Vaccines Against Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing Recent Advances in Synthetic DNA and Electroporation Technologies for Rapid Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases

Patel

Tursi

et al. 2020

Front. Med. Technol.

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DNA vaccines are considered as a third-generation vaccination approach in which antigenic materials are encoded as DNA plasmids for direct in vivo production to elicit adaptive immunity. As compared to other platforms, DNA vaccination is considered to have a strong safety profile, as DNA plasmids neither replicate nor elicit vector-directed immune responses in hosts. While earlier work found the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines to be sub-optimal in larger mammals and humans, recent developments in key synthetic DNA and electroporation delivery technologies have now allowed DNA vaccines to elicit significantly more potent and consistent responses in several clinical studies. This paper will review findings from the recent clinical and preclinical studies on DNA vaccines targeting emerging infectious diseases (EID) including COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the technological advancements pivotal to the improved responses-including the use of the advanced delivery technology, DNA-encoded cytokine/mucosal adjuvants, and innovative concepts in immunogen design. With continuous advancement over the past three decades, the DNA approach is now poised to develop vaccines against COVID-19, as well as other EIDs.

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Coronavirus in Continuous Flux: From SARS‐CoV to SARS‐CoV‐2

Cited by 19 publications

References 150 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives

Lung Protection vs. Infection Resolution: Interleukin 10 Suspected of Double-Dealing in COVID-19

Harnessing Recent Advances in Synthetic DNA and Electroporation Technologies for Rapid Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases

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