“…While many of these efforts were clearly rooted in faith communities or groups with, for instance, specific shared political ideals or community agendas, other activities appear to have grown as much out of a mixture of moral sense of responsibility to help, coinciding with opportunities (such as access and material or mental resources to share), and the personal connections needed to act. Given the diversity, scale, and frequently ephemeral nature of spontaneous mutual aid across continents, it is not possible, on the basis of our research, to determine whether one or the other motivation dominated mutual aid efforts in the early stages of the pandemic, as argued by some authors (Preston and Firth, 2020 ; Solnit, 2020 ). Still, a strong individual and communal sense of ‘responsibility to act', together with the opportunity to do so, seems to inform all such mutual aid efforts, be they motivated by or presented as answering a faith calling, political activism, solidarity, or simply a strong feeling of ‘shared humanity'.…”