Corneal Response to Injury and Infection in the Horse

Plummer, Caryn E.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2017.07.002

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In horses, non-healing corneal ulcers, also known as indolent ulcers or chronic corneal epithelial erosions, are quite common ( 37 , 47 , 48 ). Among the well-known causes of non-healing ulcers is dry eye syndrome, which is prevalent in humans but not in horses ( 5 , 12 , 38 ). Recurrent trauma, foreign bodies, and corneal dystrophies are persistent sources of irritation or re-ulceration, and treatment with corticosteroids, old age, and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction also constitute significant etiologies ( 49 – 51 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corneal healing has been shown to be most rapid during the first 5 to 7 days, followed by a slower epithelialization phase ( 2 ). Simple ulcers usually heal quickly and without complication ( 3 , 4 ), whereas complex ulcers are characterized by tardive healing ( 5 ). The deep layers of the stroma are affected, and a bacterial and/or fungal infection is usually present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Healing can be inhibited by stromal collagen lysis caused by lytic enzymes produced by microorganisms, inflammatory cells, corneal epithelial cells, and fibroblasts ( 6 , 7 ). In this context, the use of topical biological therapies such as autologous serum (AS) in addition to conventional treatment has shown a clinical benefit in humans ( 8 ) and horses ( 5 , 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine Umbilical Cord Serum Composition and Its Healing Effects in Equine Corneal Ulceration

et al. 2022

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BackgroundHuman autologous serum (AS) and umbilical cord serum (UCS) both contain growth and neurotrophic factors that promote corneal healing.AimOur objectives were to compare equine AS and UCS cytokine and growth factor profiles and to assess the safety and clinical feasibility of the therapeutic use of UCS eye drops in cases of spontaneous complex ulcers.Study DesignProspective clinical trial.MethodsVitamin A insulin growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentrations were determined in 10 AS collected from different horses and 10 UCS sampled at delivery. Six client-owned horses presenting with complex non-healing corneal defects of >5 mm2 were included in a clinical trial and treated with conventional therapy and conditioned UCS drops for 8–15 days. Ulcer surface and time to complete epithelialization were recorded.ResultsMedian concentrations of vitamin A, insulin growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB were not significantly different in AS compared with UCS (respectively, 14.5 vs. 12.05 μg/ml; 107.8 vs. 107.3 pg/ml; and 369.1 vs. 924.2 pg/ml). TGF-β1 median concentration in UCS was significantly higher than in AS (3,245 vs. 2571pg/ml) (p = 0.04). IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentrations were variable in AS and undetectable in UCS. The corneal median ulcerative area was 37.2 mm2 (6.28–57.14 mm2) and had a duration of 4–186 days (median 19 days). All lesions healed within 13–42 days (median 17 days). No adverse effects nor recurrences within 1 month were noticed.LimitationsThe sample size was small. Spontaneous corneal epithelial defects presented with variable clinical characteristics. There were no age-matched control horses to assess corneal healing time and rate.Conclusion and Clinical SignificanceEquine UCS may be beneficial, as it contains no pro-inflammatory cytokines and a greater concentration of TGF-β1 compared with AS. Topical UCS appears safe and may potentially be used as adjunctive therapy for equine complex non-healing ulcers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine Umbilical Cord Serum Composition and Its Healing Effects in Equine Corneal Ulceration

et al. 2022

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“…During repair of a corneal wound in horses, neovascularization is an expected response that is controlled by a balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. 16 An imbalance toward angiogenic factors could be a possibility for corneal pyogenic granuloma development but it has never been studied. Overexpression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key molecule driving corneal angiogenesis, 17 has been involved in the pathogenesis of LCH-type pyogenic granuloma, 18 but it has never been evaluated for non-LCH type pyogenic granuloma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyogenic granuloma of the cornea in a pony: Uncommon complication of corneal wound healing

Régnier

Landrevie

Robin

et al. 2022

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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A 6‐year‐old miniature Shetland pony mare was referred for evaluation of a left corneal mass, which developed from the healing tissue of a corneal traumatic ulceration that had occurred 4 weeks previously. On gross examination, a spherical, smooth‐surfaced, and pink‐colored lesion of about 1 cm in diameter was protruding from the left palpebral fissure. Ophthalmic examination revealed that it was attached to the scar tissue of the cornea, and that one corpora nigra was adherent to the posterior face of corneal wounded area, without sign of uveitis. The remainder of the ophthalmic examination was unremarkable. The mass was excised, and cryotherapy was used as an adjunctive therapy. Histopathology of the resected mass was consistent with a pyogenic granuloma on the basis of radially oriented proliferating capillaries, embedded in immature granulation tissue containing an infiltrate of neutrophils, plasma cells and eosinophils. There were no histological features of malignancy. 2 months after surgery, the ventral part of the fibrotic corneal scar was slightly raised by a pink tissue, suggesting possible recurrence of the initial lesion. A second cryotherapy was performed over the leukoma area. No recurrence has been noted for a follow‐up period of more than 25 months. Pyogenic granuloma is a benign proliferative fibrovascular response that typically develops after trauma or surgery. Corneal involvement is rare in humans, and to the authors' knowledge has never been documented in veterinary ophthalmology.

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“…The prevalence of MRSA infection is increasing worldwide with high morbidity and mortality, and since it has multidrug resistance, there are narrow therapeutic options, which makes it a significant health concern [ 1 , 17 ]. Geographical differences between MRSA lineages worldwide have been proposed due to its ability to colonize and infect a wide host range and then circulate within distinct ecological environments [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence and Molecular Biology of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Equine Eyes in Egypt

et al. 2022

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This work aimed to characterize S. aureus isolates from the eyes of healthy and clinically affected equines in the Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. A total of 110 animals were examined for the presence of S. aureus, which was isolated from 33 animals with ophthalmic lesions and 77 healthy animals. We also investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile, oxacillin resistance mechanism, and the major virulence factors implicated in many studies of the ocular pathology of pathogenic S. aureus. The association between S. aureus eye infections and potential risk factors was also investigated. The frequency of S. aureus isolates from clinically affected equine eyes was significantly higher than in clinically healthy equids. A significant association was found between the frequency of S. aureus isolation from clinically affected equine eyes and risk factors including age and season but not with sex or breed factors. Antimicrobial resistance to common antibiotics used to treat equine eyes was also tested. Overall, the isolates showed the highest sensitivity to sulfamethoxazole (100%) and the highest resistance to cephalosporin (90.67%) and oxacillin (90.48%). PCR was used to demonstrate that mecA was present in 100% of oxacillin- and β-lactam-resistant S. aureus strains. The virulence factor genes Spa (x region), nuc, and hlg were identified in 62.5%, 100%, and 56%, of isolates, respectively, from clinically affected equines eyes. The severity of the eye lesions increased in the presence of γ-toxin-positive S. aureus. The phylogenetic tree of the Spa (x region) gene indicated a relationship with human reference strains isolated from Egypt as well as isolates from equines in Iran and Japan. This study provides insight into the prevalence, potential risk factors, clinical pictures, zoonotic potential, antimicrobial resistance, and β-lactam resistance mechanism of S. aureus strains that cause eye infection in equines from Egypt.

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Corneal Response to Injury and Infection in the Horse

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Equine Umbilical Cord Serum Composition and Its Healing Effects in Equine Corneal Ulceration

Equine Umbilical Cord Serum Composition and Its Healing Effects in Equine Corneal Ulceration

Pyogenic granuloma of the cornea in a pony: Uncommon complication of corneal wound healing

The Prevalence and Molecular Biology of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Equine Eyes in Egypt

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