Copper:molybdenum sub-oxide blend as transparent conductive electrode (TCE) indium free

Nonprecious Copper‐Based Transparent Top Electrode via Seed Layer–Assisted Thermal Evaporation for High‐Performance Semitransparent n‐i‐p Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The molybdenum oxide was once again selected over other candidates to simplify the fabrication process without changing the thermal evaporation source. Following previous studies, the thickness of t‐MoO x was fixed at 20 nm . As expected, a significant increase in the overall transmittance was observed upon deposition of t‐MoO x (Figure d), up to a maximum T max = 73% at the visible wavelength of 604 nm.…”

“…In any case, the Cu diffusion into the t‐MoO x would not be as detrimental for the electrode performance as that occurring within the b‐MoO x . While the latter would compete with the growth of a thin percolative Cu film and potentially proceed in the underlayers of the solar cell, the diffusion into the t‐MoO x is expected to saturate and give rise to a conductive Cu‐MoO x blend if the thickness of t‐MoO x does not exceed 20 nm, as in our case . Therefore, we assumed that the use of an additional diffusion barrier between Cu and t‐MoO x was not necessary to obtain a long‐term performance electrode.…”

“…Thanks to its better corrosion resistance compared to Ag (especially in nonoxidizing acids such as HI), Cu undergoes no chemical reaction with perovskite under inert conditions, providing long‐term intrinsic stability to the devices . Nevertheless, only few investigations have been dedicated to Cu‐based TTEs for semitransparent PSCs, even though a series of transparent electrodes made of Cu thin films has been used in the past decade to replace ITO as the bottom electrode in OSCs . The limited attention paid to the development of D/Cu/D structures is justified by their poor stability: Cu atoms tend to self‐aggregate and strongly diffuse into the oxides that are typically used to form the dielectric films, with detrimental effects on the opto‐electrical properties.…”

Foreword: Materials for energy harvesting, conversion and storage (ICOME 2016)

“…We have largely emphasized the complementarity of a crossed view between mathematics and physics as well as the path towards applications of technological breakdown such as nanomaterials for energy [1][2][3]. It included work on phase change materials [5][6][7] photovoltaic materials [8][9][10][11][12][13] and plant composites (biosourced materials) [14]. This special edition is a continuation and is intended as a snapshot of some advances at the material/energy interface.…”

“…Nous y avons largement mis en exergue la complémentarité d'un regard croisé entre les mathématiques et la physique ainsi que le chemin vers des applications de rupture technologique comme les nanomatériaux pour l'énergie [2][3][4]. Elle incluait ainsi des travaux traitant de matériauxà changement de phase [5][6][7] de matériaux photovoltaïques [8][9][10][11][12][13] et de composites végétaux (matériaux biosourcés) [14]. La présenteédition spéciale s'inscrit dans la continuité et se veut une image instantanée de certaines avancéesà l'interface matériaux/énergie.…”