Copper Cementation with Zinc Recovered from Spent Zinc–Carbon Batteries and Dissolution of Cement Copper in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions

Abstract

In this study, the usability of waste zinc obtained from spent zinc–carbon batteries for copper cementation was examined. The effects of the initial concentration of copper ions, rotation speed of the zinc plate, initial pH of solution, and reaction temperature on copper cementation were investigated. It was determined that the cementation rate increased with increasing concentration of copper ions, rotation speed, reaction temperature, and initial pH of solution. It was found that the cementation reaction followed first-order kinetics and was controlled by diffusion. Copper powder produced by cementation was characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The dissolution of cement copper in hydrochloric acid solution was determined for the purpose of the production of copper(II) oxychloride. The effects of acid concentration, temperature, and stirring speed on the dissolution of cement copper were investigated. It was observed that the dissolution of copper powder increased with an increase in acid concentration, stirring speed, and temperature.

Solid Solutions Formation Mechanism in Cordierite-Mullite Glass Materials During Ceramization

“…Copper is mainly used in the electrical and electronics industries due to its high electrical conductivity. Copper cementation is usually performed to remove copper ions from the electrowinning or electroplating solutions or to recover copper from leach solutions [4,9].…”

Leaching of Malachite Ore in Ammonium Sulfate Solutions and Production of Copper Oxide

“…Furthermore, different copper compounds can be prepared by means of various methods, such as precipitation, crystallization, and evaporation. Gaining of copper from various synthetic pure solutions or actual leach solutions containing copper ions by the cementation reaction has been studied by using iron, aluminum, and zinc as the reductant metal (Djokic, 1996;Dib and Makhloufi, 2004;Karavasteva, 2005;Demirkıran et al, 2007;Ahmed et al, 2011;Demirkıran and Künkül, 2011;Ekmekyapar et al, 2012b;Demirkıran, 2013b).…”

Research Progress and Prospect of Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery

“…(1) 在电池充放电过程中, 锌离子在金属锌表 面反复溶解和沉积, 易形成树枝状沉积物。随着循环 次数增加, 这些沉积物继续长大, 形成锌枝晶 [41,48] 。 但这些锌枝晶极易刺穿隔膜引起电池短路, 同时会 造成锌电极的厚度分布不均匀而引起电极形变, 导 致锌离子电池的容量下降。 (2) 锌电极自腐蚀的微观实质是表面不均匀的 锌电极不同区域电位不同, 构成无数个共同作用的 腐蚀微电池 [40] 。腐蚀使电池自放电, 降低了锌的利 用率和电池容量。而且在电池的密封环境中, 腐蚀 过程产生的氢气, 造成电池内压增加, 累计到一定 程度, 会引发电解液的泄漏 [49] 。 (3) 锌电极的钝化是由于放电直接生成了难溶 性 ZnO 或 Zn(OH) 2 等阳极产物覆盖在电极表面, 影 响了锌的正常溶解, 使锌电极反应表面积减少, 电 极失去活性变为"钝态" [41] 。电极比表面积下降, 相 对来说, 电极密度就会升高, 造成电池的极化, 使 电池的循环性能下降 [50,51] 。 改善锌电池循环性能的方法主要有加入电极添 加剂和电解液添加剂等 [52] 。 电极添加剂主要针对锌电极性能进行改善, 包 括电极结构添加剂和金属添加剂等 [53] 。 1 [45] Fig. 5 (a) Cycling performance of rechargeable zinc ion batteries with the unmodified ZnAB and ZnAB+AC (charge/discharge at 200 mA h/g); (b) CV curves of the unmodified ZnAB and ZnAB+12wt%AC at scanning rate of 0.1 mV/s [45] 电解液添加剂的主要作用是控制在水系电解液 中正极材料的溶解 [44,56] [58][59][60] , 近来作为电极材料在新型锌离子电池等化 学电源上有突出的性能 [61][62][63] 。 α-MnO 2 具有双链结构, 属于四方晶系, 每个晶 胞含有 8 个 MnO 2 分子, 具有(1×1)和(2×2)的隧道结 构, Zn 2+ 可在其(2×2)的隧道内有快速可逆的嵌入和 脱出行为 [64][65][66][67] 。徐成俊等 [9] 提出了锌离子电池的概念, Fig.…”