Copper and calcium-based metal organic framework (MOF) catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A process optimization study

Jamil, Unza; Khoja, Asif Husain; Liaquat, Rabia; Naqvi, Salman Raza; Omar, Wan Nor Nadyaini Wan; Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112934

Cited by 126 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Fossil fuels have been extensively used for the last two centuries to meet the energy demand of the growing population for global development [1][2][3]. e increase in the environmental and sustainability summons due to the greenhouse emissions that are related to fossil fuel usage and the unceremonious distribution of fossil fuel resources has increased the global energy [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

Hameed

Naqvi

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a vital resource for providing clean future energy with a sustainable environment. Besides lignocellulosic residues, nonlignocellulosic residues such as sewage sludge from industrial and municipal wastes are gained much attention due to its large quantities and ability to produce cheap and clean energy to potentially replace fossil fuels. These cheap and abundantly resources can reduce global warming owing to their less polluting nature. The low-quality biomass and high ash content of sewage sludge-based thermal conversion processes face several disadvantages towards its commercialization. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize these residues in combination with coal for improvement in energy conversion processes. As per author information, no concrete study is available to discuss the synergy and decomposition mechanism of residues blending. The objective of this study is to present the state-of-the-art review based on the thermal coconversion of biomass/sewage sludge, coal/biomass, and coal/sewage sludge blends through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to explore the synergistic effects of the composition, thermal conversion, and blending for bioenergy production. This paper will also contribute to detailing the operating conditions (heating rate, temperature, and residence time) of copyrolysis and cocombustion processes, properties, and chemical composition that may affect these processes and will provide a basis to improve the yield of biofuels from biomass/sewage sludge, coal/sewage sludge, and coal/biomass blends in thermal coconversion through thermogravimetric technique. Furthermore, the influencing factors and the possible decomposition mechanism are elaborated and discussed in detail. This study will provide recent development and future prospects for cothermal conversion of biomass, sewage, coal, and their blends.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

Hameed

Naqvi

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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“…Copper and calciumbased MOFs were prepared according to the procedure of Wang et al [59] and Mazaj and Logar [60] They were characterized by series of techniques like powder XRD, SEM, TGA, FT-IR, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) to ascertain the structural integrity and morphology. [61] The catalytic activity of this solid was tested in the esterification and transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil. The experimental conditions were optimized and the maximum yield of biodiesel (84.5 vol%) was observed at alcohol-oil ratio of 20 at 60 °C.…”

Section: Open Metal Sites As Intrinsic Active Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering of Active Sites in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Biodiesel Production

Cirujano

Dhakshinamoorthy

2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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Despite the high biodiesel yields, the use of such harsh conditions requires a pure source of triglycerides, since both the presence of water or FFAs decreases the yields. This is due, on the one hand to the dilution or neutralization of the base in the aqueous phase, and on the other hand, to the formation of soaps resulting from the saponification of the FFAs. The generation of these byproducts/emulsions consumes the Brönsted base and complicates the isolation of the desired fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).When the feedstock is rich in FFA, which can acidify the final biodiesel product, the direct esterification of such compounds with light alcohols is preferred (Scheme 1b). This is the case of food and/or biomass process plants, where it is necessary to perform the esterification in addition to the transesterification of the oil. [7] For this particular process, mineral or organic acids serve as homogeneous catalysts (e.g., HCl, p-toluenesulfonic acid, etc.), but suffer from manipulation problems and contribute to the corrosion of reactors, as well as needing further neutralization steps. An environmentally benign alternative for this process, as well as for the transesterification of triglycerides is to use solid catalysts. Solid heterogeneous catalysts are sustainable alternatives to soluble catalysts, either as mineral, organic (chemo-catalysts), or biologic (enzymatic catalysts). In fact, a solid material does not require additional neutralization and complicated isolation steps, since a simple filtration allows the recovery and recycling of the heterogeneous catalyst. [8] The use of synthetic heterogeneous catalysts offers better stability under broader operational conditions and often lower cost with respect to many homogeneous or enzymatic catalysts, despite the high efficiency of biocatalysis methods. [9,10] Among the traditional solid catalysts, porous solids with windows and cavities wide enough (i.e., at the nanoscale), and/or with high external surface area for the facilitated diffusion of the fats, oil feedstock and biodiesel product are alternatives to amorphous low surface area carbon or polymers. For example, clays, [11] zeolites, [12,13] and mesoporous silicas [12,[14][15][16] have been employed as highly robust solids with well-defined active sites, e.g., Lewis and/or Brönsted acid species, for the production of biodiesel. [17] During the last years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) appeared as interesting class of ordered porous materials that combine inorganic-organic functionalities, as well as large and often hierarchical void spaces. [18,19] These porous frameworks are ready to introduce fine-tuned active sites for the valorization of complex molecules from biomass feedstock. [20][21][22][23] The production of biodiesel using solid catalysts is a sustainable methodology to renewable fuels from the valorization of biomass derived oils and fats. Here, the use of tailorable multifunctional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as heterogeneous catalysts for esterification/transesterification reac...

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“…JEOL scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Japan, JSM 6490-A) was used for surface morphological analysis of the prepared Zeolite-4A support and was also used for the determination of the surface morphology of Thermal analysis was performed by (TA instruments USA) TGA Thermal Gravimetric analyzer. Samples were heated from 25 °C to 900 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C/min under N2 flowrate of 50 mL.min −1 [37]. The product gases of POM were analyzed with Gas Chromatography (GC-2010 Pro, SHIMADZU Japan) equipped with a TCD column (RT-MS5A) capable of detecting H2, CO, CO2, and CH4.…”

Section: Catalyst Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Ash Derived Co/Zeolite Catalyst for Hydrogen Rich Syngas Production via Partial Oxidation of Methane

Zaffar

Khan

Khoja

et al. 2021

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the catalytic performance of series of cobalt-modified Zeolite-4A supported catalysts for the syngas (CO and H2) production at 800 °C via the partial oxidation of methane (POM). The Co/Zeolite-4A catalyst was synthesized using a two-step hydrothermal method from coal fly ash. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The catalyst shows a crystalline structure with stability up to 900 °C. The catalytic performance analysis shows the CH4 conversion increases from 29 to 68% for 0 and 10 wt% Co over Zeolite-4A, respectively. The H2 selectivity was improved from 28–56% while CO selectivity increased from 24–52 % making H2/CO ratio > 1. The stability analysis shows the 10% Co/Zeolite-4A withstand for 24 h a time on stream (TOS). Finally, the spent catalyst analysis was carried out to check the carbon formation along with its structural analysis. The minimal carbon formation is analyzed in 24 h TOS for POM reaction. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Copper and calcium-based metal organic framework (MOF) catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A process optimization study

Cited by 126 publications

References 74 publications

A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

Engineering of Active Sites in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Biodiesel Production

Synthesis of Ash Derived Co/Zeolite Catalyst for Hydrogen Rich Syngas Production via Partial Oxidation of Methane

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