Coordinate Regulation of Drosophila Tropomyosin Gene Expression Is Controlled by Multiple Muscle-Type-Specific Positive and Negative Enhancer Elements

Gremke, L; Lord, Pat C.W.; Sabacan, Leah; Lin, Shu Chun; Wohlwill, Arthur; Storti, Robert V.

doi:10.1006/dbio.1993.1260

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The latter possibility might explain the observation that intron DNA contributed strongly to the negative correlation between DNA variation and gene expression in these MT genes. Previous studies identified both positive and negative cis-acting elements in introns in genes from animal and plant species (Drosophila, Hinz et al 1992;Gremke et al 1993, maize, Callis et al 1987tobacco, Greschik et al 1994, Arabidopsis, Sieburth andMeyerowitz 1997). It might not be unrealistic to assume the presence of enhancer(s) in intron(s) of these MT genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

DNA variation in the metallothionein genes in wild rice Oryza rufipogon: Relationship between DNA sequence polymorphism, codon bias and gene expression

2005

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This study examines the relationship between DNA sequence variation and level of gene expression in four metallothionein genes from wild rice Oryza rufipogon . The nucleotide diversity was 0.0028 to 0.0117 over the entire coding and non-coding region, and it was negatively correlated with gene expression for three type 2 metallothionein genes. In contrast, codon bias and percent of preferred codons correlated positively with gene expression. These results indicate that the intensity of natural selection depends on the level of gene expression, which in turn shapes the level of nucleotide polymorphism. In addition, significant linkage disequilibria were frequent between the metallothionein genes, although significance was not confirmed after multiple test correction. This result suggests that metallothionein genes expressed at different levels are epistatic with respect to fitness, and that gene expression is an important factor determining level of DNA polymorphism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

DNA variation in the metallothionein genes in wild rice Oryza rufipogon: Relationship between DNA sequence polymorphism, codon bias and gene expression

2005

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“…The reporter gene P-element vector construct containing the Drosophila hsp7O gene promoter and the Escherichia coli lacZ gene (pWhsp7Olac) and the reporter constructs 1B (proximal enhancer), 1B(c), and muscle activator (MA) DNA fragment [referred to previously as 1B(a)] have been described (12,13). The 1BAMEF2(a and b) constructs were made by mutating the 1B plasmid using the Altered Site mutagenesis system (Promega) and the single-stranded oligonucleotides indicated below.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Whole mount in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled antisense ,B-galactosidase and TmI RNA for analysis of transgene and endogenous TmI expression, respectively, was performed as described (18,19). ,3-galactosidase enzymatic staining of larvae and adult flies was done as described (13). A rough quantitation of expression levels in larval and adult muscles among different constructs was achieved by the visual monitoring of the timed appearance of the blue reaction products from the 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl f3-D-galactoside (X-Gal) substrate/,B-galactosidase reaction.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A rough quantitation of expression levels in larval and adult muscles among different constructs was achieved by the visual monitoring of the timed appearance of the blue reaction products from the 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl f3-D-galactoside (X-Gal) substrate/,B-galactosidase reaction. Generally, the highest expressing constructs achieved a , and 1B(c) fragments are indicated, and their functions were described (13). The 12-bp conserved sequences in the proximal and distal enhancers that contain the consensus MEF2 binding site sequence are indicated.…”

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Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 acts cooperatively with a muscle activator region to regulate Drosophila tropomyosin gene muscle expression.

Lin

Nguyen²,

Dybala³

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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MEF2 (myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2) is a MADS box transcription factor that is thought to be a key regulator of myogenesis in vertebrates. Mutations in the Drosophila homologue of the mef2 gene indicate that it plays a key role in regulating myogenesis in Drosophila. We show here that the Drosophila tropomyosin I (TmI) gene is a target gene for mef2 regulation. The TmI gene contains a proximal and a distal muscle enhancer within the first intron of the gene. We show that both enhancers contain a MEF2 binding site and that a mutation in the MEF2 binding site of either enhancer significantly reduces reporter gene expression in embryonic, larval, and adult somatic body wall muscles of transgenic flies. We also show that a high level of proximal enhancer-directed reporter gene expression in somatic muscles requires the cooperative activity of MEF2 and a cis-acting muscle activator region located within the enhancer. Thus, mef2 null mutant embryos show a significant reduction but not an elimination of TmI expression in the body wall myoblasts and muscle fibers that are present. Surprisingly, there is little effect in these mutants on TmI expression in developing visceral muscles and dorsal vessel (heart), despite the fact that MEF2 is expressed in these muscles in wild-type embryos, indicating that TmI expression is regulated differently in these muscles. Taken together, our results show that mef2 is a positive regulator of tropomyosin gene transcription that is necessary but not sufficient for high level expression in somatic muscle of the embryo, larva, and adult.

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“…Intron 1, downstream of the first untranslated exon, is unusually large (2.3 kb in length) when compared with the average size of the introns in Drosophila. Large first introns in Drosophila muscle genes have been related to the presence in these introns of regulatory motifs involved in the regulation of their expression (44). Also new is exon 4, a GAA trinucleotide, detected in some of the TnT mRNAs of D. melanogaster and D. virilis, two species separated by more than 50 million years of evolutionary time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Muscle-type Expression of the Drosophila Troponin T Gene

Benoist

Mas

Marco

et al. 1998

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The complete genomic organization of the Drosophila troponin T (TnT) gene shows many interesting features, including the presence of a microexon of only 3 nucleotides conserved among Drosophilidae. It is the smallest bona fide exon so far described, placing a new lower limit on the nucleotide number required for correct splicing. Four muscle-type specific transcripts are generated by developmentally regulated alternative splicing. Exons 3, 4, and 5 are absent in the transcript present in jump and flight muscles. A total of 11 exons are present in the adult hypodermic muscles transcript, whereas the microexon is absent in the larval hypodermic musculature. The two isoforms differ in a lysine residue. Post-translational regulation of the flight muscles/tergal depressor of the trochanter-specific isoform is involved in flight and/or jump function. The interaction domains of TnT in the tropomyosin-troponin complex are strongly conserved in the known vertebrate and invertebrate TnT sequences, whereas the terminal regions show an important variability. The COOH-terminal region shows important phylogenetic variations, whereas the NH 2 -terminal domain is associated with specific muscle types in a particular organism, a finding that discloses a selective value for these domains in the functionality of distinct muscles in different organisms.

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Coordinate Regulation of Drosophila Tropomyosin Gene Expression Is Controlled by Multiple Muscle-Type-Specific Positive and Negative Enhancer Elements

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

DNA variation in the metallothionein genes in wild rice Oryza rufipogon: Relationship between DNA sequence polymorphism, codon bias and gene expression

DNA variation in the metallothionein genes in wild rice Oryza rufipogon: Relationship between DNA sequence polymorphism, codon bias and gene expression

Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 acts cooperatively with a muscle activator region to regulate Drosophila tropomyosin gene muscle expression.

Differential Muscle-type Expression of the Drosophila Troponin T Gene

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