“…Among them, single-component metallic compound has also shown excellent behavior as an electrocatalyst for water splitting ( Jebaslinhepzybai et al, 2021 ). In particular, the introduction of the second metal ions can change the electronic state of the active metal, vacancy concentration ( Yuan et al, 2021 ), coordination environment, or electron band structure ( Zhang et al, 2017b ), therefore enhancing HER kinetics ( Yang and Chen, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ), such as the use of plasma treatment method to activate the Cu surface ( Lee et al, 2018 ; Tomboc et al, 2020 ), by doping additional elements or with other metal alloys to adjust the binding energy of the reaction intermediates ( Gatalo et al, 2019 ), and the Cu species into a specific structure or a specific crystal plane ( Koh and Strasser, 2007 ; Liu et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2021 ; Yang et al, 2021 ). Christoph R. Muller ( Kuznetsov et al, 2020 ) studied the surface oxygen vacancies (V O ) in Y 1.8 M 0.2 Ru 2 O 7−δ (M = Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Y) by an increased concentration of V O sites correlating with a superior OER activity.…”