Controlled-release approaches towards the chemotherapy of tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is notorious for its lethality to humans. Despite technological advances, the tubercle bacillus continues to threaten humans. According to the World Health Organization's 2011 global report on TB, 8.8 million cases of TB were reported in 2010, with a loss of 1.7 million human lives. As drugsusceptible TB requires long-term treatment of between 6 and 9 months, patient noncompliance remains the most important reason for treatment failure. For multidrug-resistant TB, patients must take second-line anti-TB drugs for 18-24 months and many adverse effects are associated with these drugs. Drug-delivery systems (DDSs) seem to be the most promising option for advancement in the treatment of TB. DDSs reduce the adverse effects of drugs and their dosing frequency as well as shorten the treatment period, and hence improve patient compliance. Further advantages of these systems are that they target the disease area, release the drugs in a sustained manner, and are biocompatible. In addition, targeted delivery systems may be useful in dealing with extensively drug-resistant TB because many side effects are associated with the drugs used to cure the disease. In this paper, we discuss the DDSs developed for the targeted and slow delivery of anti-TB drugs and their possible advantages and disadvantages.

Frequency of Adverse Effects of Fixed Dose Combinations, in Tuberculosis and there Effects on Treatment Outcome

“…4 In the management of TB patients, fixed-dose combination (FDC) anti-TB drugs are recommended over individual drugs. 2 Sri Lanka has introduced FDCs for TB treatment since 2005. There are several advantages as well as disadvantages of using fixed dose combination tablets over individual drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis.…”

Inorganic nanolayers: structure, preparation, and biomedical applications

“…All of these characteristics would improve patients' compliance with treatment, particularly in the management of cancer, TB, and Parkinson's disease, whose drugs have a lot of side effects. 130,[177][178][179] Here, we discuss the effect of different parameters, such as pH, types of anions present in the release media, and mechanisms involved in drug release from LDHs.…”

Synthesis, characterization, and efficacy of antituberculosis isoniazid zinc aluminum-layered double hydroxide based nanocomposites

“…13 Furthermore, the targeted and sustained delivery would reduce dosing frequency and minimize side effects. 14,15 M. tuberculosis is an obligate intracellular pathogen, and the almost exclusive cellular host of M. tuberculosis is the alveolar macrophage where the microorganism lives and multiplies within the macrophage that have the tendency to take up nanoparticles in comparison to the other host cells. [16][17][18][19][20] In this context, biocompatible nanodelivery systems have tremendous potential to target the M. tuberculosis bacteria inside the phagocytes, and these nanodelivery systems also protect the drug from physiochemical degradation in the body.…”

“…Biocompatible nanodelivery systems could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and would ultimately improve patients' compliance to the chemotherapy of TB. 14,21,22 In recent years, inorganic nanolayers, namely, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have emerged as biocompatible drug delivery systems with excellent characteristics, such as ease of preparation, tendency of loading various pharmaceutical drugs, release of the drugs in a sustained manner, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. 15,[22][23][24] Excellent reviews have been written by Saifullah and Hussein 25 and Rives et al 26,27 describing in detail the drug delivery applications of LDHs.…”