Controlled manipulation of multiple cells using catalytic microbots

Sánchez, Samuel; Solovev, Alexander A.; Schulze, Sabine; Schmidt, Oliver G.

doi:10.1039/c0cc04126b

Cited by 244 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[9][10][11] Previous studies have also indicated the facile motion of polymer-based micromotors or rolled up microjets in various diluted (3-4 fold diluted) real-life media. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] However, recent reports claimed that the movement of bubble-propelled Cu-Pt microengines is greatly hindered in various diluted real samples, and even completely stopped in highly diluted serum or seawater. 19,20 Such observations may have profound implications on the scope of future applications of microscale machines.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

et al. 2013

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Template-electrodeposited polymer/Pt microtube engines display efficient propulsion in a wide range of real-life samples ranging from seawater to human serum. Remarkably high speeds are observed in fuel-enhanced raw serum, apple juice, seawater, lake and river water samples. Our results indicate that polymer-based microengines hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications and that real samples exert different effects upon propulsion of different bubblepropelled microtube engines.Considerable efforts are currently being devoted to the design of efficient synthetic micro/nanoscale motors that convert chemical energy into autonomous motion. 1-6 Catalytic microtube engines, pioneered by Mei and Schmidt, have been shown to be extremely useful for addressing the ionic-strength limitation of bimetal catalytic nanowire motors. 1,7,8 Such bubble-propelled microengines thus display efficient propulsion in salt-rich environments due to electrocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide fuel. 9-11 Previous studies have also indicated the facile motion of polymer-based micromotors or rolled up microjets in various diluted (3-4 fold diluted) real-life media. 12-18 However, recent reports claimed that the movement of bubble-propelled Cu-Pt microengines is greatly hindered in various diluted real samples, and even completely stopped in highly diluted serum or seawater. 19,20 Such observations may have profound implications on the scope of future applications of microscale machines. The impeded movement in such samples has been attributed to high viscosity of these media and to co-existing molecules that passivate the catalytic Pt surface. 19,20 Since bubble-propelled microengines can be prepared by different fabrication methods and using different materials, 1 it is essential to carefully examine this important issue, in connection to other common protocols for fabricating bubble-propelled microtube engines, and to gain understanding of the effect of the motor design and composition on propulsion efficiency in different media.Here, we wish to demonstrate that template-prepared polymer/Pt microtube engines display efficient propulsion even in undiluted seawater and serum matrices, and to examine the effect of various undiluted (and slightly diluted) real-life environments upon their movement. Template electrodeposition has been shown to be particularly attractive for preparing polymer-based catalytic microengines (Fig. 1a). 10,21 Such polymer-based microengines have been shown recently to display a record-breaking speed of over 1400 body lengths per s. 21,22 The preparation conditions, particularly the electropolymerization parameters, have been shown to have a profound effect on the morphology and propulsion behavior of polymer-based microengines. 21 Such motor morphology and performance are thus greatly inuenced by the nature and concentration of the monomer and of the supporting electrolyte, as well as by the surfactant present. Such preparation conditions can be used to tailor and optimize the composition an...

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Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

et al. 2013

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“…Because microjets rely on fuel ingression into a tubular structure, these examples are highly sensitive to surface tension and need the addition of surfactants in order to decrease the surface tension and allow fuel ingression. [ 14,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Likewise, the majority of the reported spherical micromotors either need addition of a surfactant in order to achieve propulsion, [ 6,7,10,55,56 ] or alternatively propulsion has only been demonstrated in a specifi c non-aqueous solvent system. For some of these examples, biocompatibility was also specifi cally assessed by measuring motion within fl uids such as serum, and again surfactants were required in order for motion to be produced.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Wang and co-workers [ 49 ] Ti/Ni/Au/Pt (microjets) Yes 125 µm s Pumera and co-workers [ 51 ] Cu/Pt (microjets) Yes 365 µm s −1 3% H 2 O 2 Sanchez et al [ 52 ] Ti/Fe/Pt (microjets) Yes 130 µm s −1 4% H 2 O 2 in 25% cell medium Sanchez et al [ 53 ] Ti/Cr/Pt (microjets) Yes 500 µm s…”

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Reactive Inkjet Printing of Biocompatible Enzyme Powered Silk Micro‐Rockets

Gregory

Zhang

Smith

et al. 2016

Small

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Inkjet‐printed enzyme‐powered silk‐based micro‐rockets are able to undergo autonomous motion in a vast variety of fluidic environments including complex media such as human serum. By means of digital inkjet printing it is possible to alter the catalyst distribution simply and generate varying trajectory behavior of these micro‐rockets. Made of silk scaffolds containing enzymes these micro‐rockets are highly biocompatible and non‐biofouling.

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“…Many researchers proposed the utilization of biodegradable magnetic nanoparticles [3], [4], magnetotactic bacteria [5], artificial swimmers [6], and self-propelled microjets [7], [8] to execute limited tasks, such as targeted drug delivery [9], microassembly [10], and microactuation [11]. Realization of a reliable drug targeting system necessitates the development of precise closed-loop motion control systems.…”

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confidence: 99%

Magnetic control of potential microrobotic drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, magnetotactic bacteria and self-propelled microjets

Khalil

Magdanz

Sánchez

et al. 2013

2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

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Development of targeted drug delivery systems using magnetic microrobots increases the therapeutic indices of drugs. These systems have to be incorporated with precise motion controllers. We demonstrate closed-loop motion control of microrobots under the influence of controlled magnetic fields. Point-to-point motion control of a cluster of iron oxide nanoparticles (diameter of 250 nm) is achieved by pulling the cluster towards a reference position using magnetic field gradients. Magnetotactic bacterium (MTB) is controlled by orienting the magnetic fields towards a reference position. MTB with membrane length of 5 m moves towards the reference position using the propulsion force generated by its flagella. Similarly, self-propelled microjet with length of 50 m is controlled by directing the microjet towards a reference position by external magnetic torque. The microjet moves along the field lines using the thrust force generated by the ejecting oxygen bubbles from one of its ends. Our control system positions the cluster of nanoparticles, an MTB and a microjet at an average velocity of 190 m/s, 28 m/s, 90 m/s and within an average region-of-convergence of 132 m, 40 m, 235 m, respectively.

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Controlled manipulation of multiple cells using catalytic microbots

Abstract: Self-propelled microjet engines (microbots) can transport multiple cells into specific locations in a fluid. The motion is externally controlled by a magnetic field which allows to selectively load, transport and deliver the cells.

Cited by 244 publications

References 21 publications

Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments

Reactive Inkjet Printing of Biocompatible Enzyme Powered Silk Micro‐Rockets

Magnetic control of potential microrobotic drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, magnetotactic bacteria and self-propelled microjets

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